Capsicum annum Hsp26.5 promotes defense responses against RNA viruses via ATAF2 but is hijacked as a chaperone for tobamovirus movement protein

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (19) ◽  
pp. 6142-6158
Author(s):  
Siew-Liang Foong ◽  
Kyung-Hee Paek
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Pepper Mild Mottle Virus ◽  
Movement Proteins ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Gene ◽  
Rna Interaction

Abstract The expression of Capsicum annuum HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 26.5 (CaHsp26.5) was triggered by the inoculation of Tobacco mosaic virus pathotype P0 (TMV-P0) but its function in the defense response of plants is unknown. We used gene silencing and overexpression approaches to investigate the effect of CaHsp26.5 expression on different plant RNA viruses. Moreover, we performed protein–protein and protein–RNA interaction assays to study the mechanism of CaHsp26.5 function. CaHsp26.5 binding to a short poly-cytosine motif in the 3'-untranslated region of the genome of some viruses triggers the expression of several defense-related genes such as PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENE 1 with the help of a transcription factor, NAC DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 81 (ATAF2). Thus, an elevated CaHsp26.5 level was accompanied by increased plant resistance against plant viruses such as Cucumber mosaic virus strain Korea. However, the movement proteins of Pepper mild mottle virus pathotype P1,2,3 and TMV-P0 were shown to be able to interact with CaHsp26.5 to maintain the integrity of their proteins. Our work shows CaHsp26.5 as a positive player in the plant defense response against several plant RNA viruses. However, some tobamoviruses can hijack CaHsp26.5’s chaperone activity for their own benefit.

scholarly journals Cell Death Triggered by a Putative Amphipathic Helix of Radish mosaic virus Helicase Protein Is Tightly Correlated With Host Membrane Modification

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 675-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayoshi Hashimoto ◽  
Ken Komatsu ◽  
Ryo Iwai ◽  
Takuya Keima ◽  
Kensaku Maejima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Amphipathic Helix ◽  
Membrane Structures ◽  
Membrane Modification ◽  
Systemic Necrosis ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Er Membrane

Systemic necrosis is one of the most severe symptoms caused by plant RNA viruses. Recently, systemic necrosis has been suggested to have similar features to a defense response referred to as the hypersensitive response (HR), a form of programmed cell death. In virus-infected plant cells, host intracellular membrane structures are changed dramatically for more efficient viral replication. However, little is known about whether this replication-associated membrane modification is the cause of the symptoms. In this study, we identified an amino-terminal amphipathic helix of the helicase encoded by Radish mosaic virus (RaMV) (genus Comovirus) as an elicitor of cell death in RaMV-infected plants. Cell death caused by the amphipathic helix had features similar to HR, such as SGT1-dependence. Mutational analyses and inhibitor assays using cerulenin demonstrated that the amphipathic helix–induced cell death was tightly correlated with dramatic alterations in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane structures. Furthermore, the cell death–inducing activity of the amphipathic helix was conserved in Cowpea mosaic virus (genus Comovirus) and Tobacco ringspot virus (genus Nepovirus), both of which are classified in the family Secoviridae. Together, these results indicate that ER membrane modification associated with viral intracellular replication may be recognized to prime defense responses against plant viruses.

scholarly journals A Faster and a Stronger Defense Response: One of the Key Elements in Grapevine Explaining Its Lower Level of Susceptibility to Esca?

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (10) ◽  
pp. 1028-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Lambert ◽  
Ian Li Kim Khiook ◽  
Sylvia Lucas ◽  
Nadège Télef-Micouleau ◽  
Jean-Michel Mérillon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Response ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Stilbene Compounds

Wood diseases like Esca are among the most damaging afflictions in grapevine. The defense mechanisms in this plant–pathogen interaction are not well understood. As some grapevine cultivars have been observed to be less susceptible to Esca than others, understanding the factors involved in this potentially stronger defense response can be of great interest. To lift part of this veil, we elicited Vitis vinifera plants of two cultivars less susceptible to Esca (‘Merlot’ and ‘Carignan’) and of one susceptible cultivar (‘Cabernet Sauvignon’), and monitored their defense responses at the leaf level. Our model of elicitation consisted in grapevine cuttings absorbing a culture filtrate of one causal agent of Esca, Phaemoniella chlamydospora. This model might reflect the early events occurring in Esca-affected grapevines. The two least susceptible cultivars showed an earlier and stronger defense response than the susceptible one, particularly with regard to induction of the PAL and STS genes, and a higher accumulation of stilbene compounds and some pathogenesis-related proteins.

scholarly journals Veinal Necrosis Induced by Turnip mosaic virus Infection in Arabidopsis Is a Form of Defense Response Accompanying HR-Like Cell Death

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bomin Kim ◽  
Chikara Masuta ◽  
Hideyuki Matsuura ◽  
Hideki Takahashi ◽  
Tsuyoshi Inukai
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Turnip Mosaic Virus ◽  
Veinal Necrosis ◽  
Necrotic Symptom ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Necrotic Region ◽  
Resistance Reaction

In the pathosystems of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) with Brassicaceae crops, various symptoms, including mosaic and necrosis, are observed. We previously reported a necrosis-inducing factor TuNI in Arabidopsis thaliana, a model species. In this study, we show that the necrotic symptom induced by TuNI, observed along the veins, was actually a form of defense response accompanying a hypersensitive reaction (HR)-like cell death in the veinal area. The virus is often localized in the necrotic region. The necrotic response is associated with the production of H2O2, accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), emission of ethylene, and subsequent expression of defense-related genes. Additionally, this HR-like cell death is eased or erased by a shading treatment. These features are similar to the HR-associated resistance reaction to pathogens. However, unlike HR, two phytohormones—SA and ethylene—are involved in the necrosis induction, and both SA- and ethylene-dependent pathogenesis-related genes are activated. We concluded that the veinal necrosis induced by TuMV is regulated by a complex and unique network of at least two signaling pathways, which differs from the signal transduction for the known HR-associated resistance.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Analysis of Genes Involved in Plant Defense Response to the Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus Infection

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1064
Author(s):  
Anna Slavokhotova ◽  
Tatyana Korostyleva ◽  
Andrey Shelenkov ◽  
Vitalii Pukhalskiy ◽  
Irina Korottseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Proteins ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Acid Pathway ◽  
Related Proteins

Plants have evolved a complex multilayered defense system to counteract various invading pathogens during their life cycle. In addition to silencing, considered to be a major molecular defense response against viruses, different signaling pathways activated by phytohormones trigger the expression of secondary metabolites and proteins preventing virus entry and propagation. In this study, we explored the response of cucumber plants to one of the global pathogens, cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), which causes severe symptoms on leaves and fruits. The inbred line of Cucumis sativus L., which is highly susceptible to CGMMV, was chosen for inoculation. Transcriptomes of infected plants at the early and late stages of infection were analyzed in comparison with the corresponding transcriptomes of healthy plants using RNA-seq. The changes in the signaling pathways of ethylene and salicylic and jasmonic acids, as well as the differences in silencing response and expression of pathogenesis-related proteins and transcription factors, were revealed. The results show that silencing was strongly suppressed in infected plants, while the salicylic acid and ethylene signaling pathways were induced. The genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins and the genes involved in the jasmonic acid pathway changed their expression insignificantly. It was also found that WRKY and NAC were the most sensitive to CGMMV infection among the transcription factors detected.

scholarly journals The Plasmodesmal Localization Signal of TMV MP Is Recognized by Plant Synaptotagmin SYTA

mBio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Yuan ◽  
Sondra G. Lazarowitz ◽  
Vitaly Citovsky
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Host Factor ◽  
Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation ◽  
Host Recognition ◽  
Movement Proteins ◽  
Membrane Contact Sites ◽  
Localization Signal

ABSTRACT Plant viruses cross the barrier of the plant cell wall by moving through intercellular channels, termed plasmodesmata, to invade their hosts. They accomplish this by encoding movement proteins (MPs), which act to alter plasmodesmal gating. How MPs target to plasmodesmata is not well understood. Our recent characterization of the first plasmodesmal localization signal (PLS) identified in a viral MP, namely, the MP encoded by the Tobamovirus Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), now provides the opportunity to identify host proteins that recognize this PLS and may be important for its plasmodesmal targeting. One such candidate protein is Arabidopsis synaptotagmin A (SYTA), which is required to form endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-plasma membrane contact sites and regulates the MP-mediated trafficking of begomoviruses, tobamoviruses, and potyviruses. In particular, SYTA interacts with, and regulates the cell-to-cell transport of, both TMV MP and the MP encoded by the Tobamovirus Turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV). Using in planta bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and yeast two-hybrid assays, we show here that the TMV PLS interacted with SYTA. This PLS sequence was both necessary and sufficient for interaction with SYTA, and the plasmodesmal targeting activity of the TMV PLS was substantially reduced in an Arabidopsis syta knockdown line. Our findings show that SYTA is one host factor that can recognize the TMV PLS and suggest that this interaction may stabilize the association of TMV MP with plasmodesmata. IMPORTANCE Plant viruses use their movement proteins (MPs) to move through host intercellular connections, plasmodesmata. Perhaps one of the most intriguing, yet least studied, aspects of this transport is the MP signal sequences and their host recognition factors. Recently, we have described the plasmodesmal localization signal (PLS) of the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) MP. Here, we identified the Arabidopsis synaptotagmin A (SYTA) as a host factor that recognizes TMV MP PLS and promotes its association with the plasmodesmal membrane. The significance of these findings is two-fold: (i) we identified the TMV MP association with the cell membrane at plasmodesmata as an important PLS-dependent step in plasmodesmal targeting, and (ii) we identified the plant SYTA protein that specifically recognizes PLS as a host factor involved in this step.

scholarly journals Identification of viruses infecting cigar and flue-cured tobacco using next generation sequencing and establishment of multiplex RT-PCR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Zhou ◽  
Shidong Zhou ◽  
Yong Chen ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Ruina Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Sequencing Platform ◽  
Agricultural Yield ◽  
And Control ◽  
Simultaneous Identification ◽  
Pooled Samples

Abstract Backgrounds: Infection of plant viruses cause extensive damage to plants and reduce crop yield. Early, precise and simultaneous identification of the plant viruses is of great significance on preventing the spread of the viruses as well as reducing losses on agricultural yield.Methods: Identification of plant viruses from symptomatic samples collected from cigar tobacco planting area in Deyang and flue-cured tobacco planting area in Luzhou city of Sichuan Province China was conducted by the deep sequencing of small RNAs (sRNAs) through an Illumina sequencing platform and plant virus specific contigs were generated based on the virus derived siRNA sequences. Additionally, sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis was performed to determine the species or strains of these viruses. Subsequently, specific primers were designed for simultaneous detection of five RNA viruses infecting tobacco.Results: A total of 27930450, 21537662 and 28194021 clean reads were generated from three pooled samples and a total of 105 contigs that can be mapped to the closest plant viruses with the length range from 34~1720 nt. The results indicated that the major viruses were potato virus Y (PVY), Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV), tobacco vein banding mosaic virus (TVBMV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). A fast and sensitive multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of the most frequent RNA viruses infecting cigar and flue-cured tobacco in Sichuan.Conclusion: These results provide theoretical basis and convenient methods for rapid detection and control of viruses on cigar and flue-cured tobacco.

scholarly journals Structure of Turnip mosaic virus and its viral-like particles

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebeca Cuesta ◽  
Carmen Yuste-Calvo ◽  
David Gil-Cartón ◽  
Flora Sánchez ◽  
Fernando Ponz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coat Protein ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Turnip Mosaic Virus ◽  
Correct Orientation ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
Rna Interaction ◽  
Genus One

Abstract Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), a potyvirus, is a flexible filamentous plant virus that displays a helical arrangement of coat protein copies (CPs) bound to the ssRNA genome. TuMV is a bona fide representative of the Potyvirus genus, one of most abundant groups of plant viruses, which displays a very wide host range. We have studied by cryoEM the structure of TuMV virions and its viral-like particles (VLPs) to explore the role of the interactions between proteins and RNA in the assembly of the virions. The results show that the CP-RNA interaction is needed for the correct orientation of the CP N-terminal arm, a region that plays as a molecular staple between CP subunits in the fully assembled virion.

scholarly journals Barley stripe mosaic virus γb protein targets thioredoxin h-type 1 to dampen SA-mediated antiviral defenses

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihao Jiang ◽  
Xuejiao Jin ◽  
Meng Yang ◽  
Qinglin Pi ◽  
Qing Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus ◽  
Protein Targets ◽  
Thioredoxin H ◽  
Sa Signaling

Salicylic acid (SA) acts as a signaling molecule to perceive and defend against pathogen infections. Accordingly, pathogens evolve versatile strategies to disrupt the SA-mediated signal transduction. However, it is necessary to further characterize how plant viruses manipulate the SA-dependent defense responses. Here, we show that Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) infection activates SA-mediated defense signaling pathway and upregulates the expression of Nicotiana benthamiana thioredoxin h-type 1 (NbTRXh1). The γb protein interacts directly with NbTRXh1 in vivo and in vitro. Overexpression of NbTRXh1, but not a reductase-defective mutant, impedes BSMV infection, whereas low NbTRXh1 expression level results in increased viral accumulation. Similar with its orthologues in Arabidopsis, NbTRXh1 also plays an essential role in SA signaling transduction in N. benthamiana. To counteract NbTRXh1-mediated defenses, the BSMV ?b protein targets NbTRXh1 to dampen its reductase activity and thereby impairing downstream SA defense genes expression to optimize viral cell-to-cell movement. We also found that NbTRXh1-mediated resistance defends against Lychnis ringspot virus, Beet black scorch virus, and Beet necrotic yellow vein virus. Taken together, our results reveal a novel role for the multifunctional γb protein in counteracting plant defense responses, and broadens the broad-spectrum antibiotic role of SA signaling pathway.

scholarly journals Susceptibility and Symptom Development in Arabidopsis thaliana to Tobacco mosaic virus Is Influenced by Virus Cell-to-Cell Movement

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1139-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Dardick ◽  
Sheetal Golem ◽  
James N. Culver
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Systemic Movement ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Symptom Phenotype ◽  
Dominant Genes

To identify host factors that regulate susceptibility to Tobacco mosaic virus(TMV), 14 Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes were screened for their ability to support TMV systemic movement. The susceptibility phenotypes observed included one ecotype that permitted rapid TMV movement accompanied by symptoms, nine ecotypes that allowed a slower intermediate rate of systemic movement without symptoms, and four ecotypes that allowed little or no systemic TMV movement. Molecular comparisons between ecotypes representing the rapid (Shahdara), intermediate (Col-1), and slow (Tsu-1) movement phenotypes revealed a positive correlation between the ability of TMV to move cell to cell and its speed of systemic movement. Additionally, protoplasts prepared from all three ecotypes supported similar levels of TMV replication, indicating that viral replication did not account for differences in systemic movement. Furthermore, induction of the pathogenesis-related genes PR-1 and PR-5 occurred only in the highly susceptible ecotype Shahdara, demonstrating that reduced local and systemic movement in Col-1 and Tsu-1 was not due to the activation of known host defense responses. Genetic analysis of F2 progeny derived from crosses made between Shahdara and Tsu-1 or Col-1 and Tsu-1 showed the faster cell-to-cell movement phenotypes of Shahdara and Col-1 segregated as single dominant genes. In addition, the Shahdara symptom phenotype segregated independently as a single recessive gene. Taken together, these findings suggest that, within Arabidopsis ecotypes, at least two genes modulate susceptibility to TMV.

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