scholarly journals A Faster and a Stronger Defense Response: One of the Key Elements in Grapevine Explaining Its Lower Level of Susceptibility to Esca?

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (10) ◽  
pp. 1028-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Lambert ◽  
Ian Li Kim Khiook ◽  
Sylvia Lucas ◽  
Nadège Télef-Micouleau ◽  
Jean-Michel Mérillon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Response ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Stilbene Compounds

Wood diseases like Esca are among the most damaging afflictions in grapevine. The defense mechanisms in this plant–pathogen interaction are not well understood. As some grapevine cultivars have been observed to be less susceptible to Esca than others, understanding the factors involved in this potentially stronger defense response can be of great interest. To lift part of this veil, we elicited Vitis vinifera plants of two cultivars less susceptible to Esca (‘Merlot’ and ‘Carignan’) and of one susceptible cultivar (‘Cabernet Sauvignon’), and monitored their defense responses at the leaf level. Our model of elicitation consisted in grapevine cuttings absorbing a culture filtrate of one causal agent of Esca, Phaemoniella chlamydospora. This model might reflect the early events occurring in Esca-affected grapevines. The two least susceptible cultivars showed an earlier and stronger defense response than the susceptible one, particularly with regard to induction of the PAL and STS genes, and a higher accumulation of stilbene compounds and some pathogenesis-related proteins.

scholarly journals Oligosaccharins as Elicitors of Defense Responses in Wheat

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3105
Author(s):  
Laura Celina Ochoa-Meza ◽  
Eber Addí Quintana-Obregón ◽  
Irasema Vargas-Arispuro ◽  
Alejandro Bernardo Falcón-Rodríguez ◽  
Emmanuel Aispuro-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Wheat Diseases ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Systemic Responses

Wheat is a highly relevant crop worldwide, and like other massive crops, it is susceptible to foliar diseases, which can cause devastating losses. The current strategies to counteract wheat diseases include global monitoring of pathogens, developing resistant genetic varieties, and agrochemical applications upon diseases’ appearance. However, the suitability of these strategies is far from permanent, so other alternatives based on the stimulation of the plants’ systemic responses are being explored. Plants’ defense mechanisms can be elicited in response to the perception of molecules mimicking the signals triggered upon the attack of phytopathogens, such as the release of plant and fungal cell wall-derived oligomers, including pectin and chitin derivatives, respectively. Among the most studied cell wall-derived bioelicitors, oligogalacturonides and oligochitosans have received considerable attention in recent years due to their ability to trigger defense responses and enhance the synthesis of antipathogenic compounds in plants. Particularly, in wheat, the application of bioelicitors induces lignification and accumulation of polyphenolic compounds and increases the gene expression of pathogenesis-related proteins, which together reduce the severity of fungal infections. Therefore, exploring the use of cell wall-derived elicitors, known as oligosaccharins, stands as an attractive option for the management of crop diseases by improving plant readiness for responding promptly to potential infections. This review explores the potential of plant- and fungal-derived oligosaccharins as a practical means to be implemented in wheat crops.

scholarly journals Molecular Insights into Defense Responses of Vietnamese Maize Varieties to Fusarium verticillioides Isolates

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 724
Author(s):  
Trang Minh Tran ◽  
Maarten Ameye ◽  
Sofie Landschoot ◽  
Frank Devlieghere ◽  
Sarah De Saeger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Resistant Lines ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Related Proteins

Fusarium ear rot (FER) caused by Fusarium verticillioides is one of the main fungal diseases in maize worldwide. To develop a pathogen-tailored FER resistant maize line for local implementation, insights into the virulence variability of a residing F. verticillioides population are crucial for developing customized maize varieties, but remain unexplored. Moreover, little information is currently available on the involvement of the archetypal defense pathways in the F. verticillioides–maize interaction using local isolates and germplasm, respectively. Therefore, this study aims to fill these knowledge gaps. We used a collection of 12 F. verticillioides isolates randomly gathered from diseased maize fields in the Vietnamese central highlands. To assess the plant’s defense responses against the pathogens, two of the most important maize hybrid genotypes grown in this agro-ecological zone, lines CP888 and Bt/GT NK7328, were used. Based on two assays, a germination and an in-planta assay, we found that line CP888 was more susceptible to the F. verticillioides isolates when compared to line Bt/GT NK7328. Using the most aggressive isolate, we monitored disease severity and gene expression profiles related to biosynthesis pathways of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), benzoxazinoids (BXs), and pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs). As a result, a stronger induction of SA, JA, ABA, BXs, and PRs synthesizing genes might be linked to the higher resistance of line Bt/GT NK7328 compared to the susceptible line CP888. All these findings could supply valuable knowledge in the selection of suitable FER resistant lines against the local F. verticllioides population and in the development of new FER resistant germplasms.

Defense responses in tomato landrace and wild genotypes to early blight pathogenAlternaria solaniinfection and accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1147-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abida Puthenpeedikal Salim ◽  
Krishnaveni Saminaidu ◽  
Murugan Marimuthu ◽  
Yasodha Perumal ◽  
Velazhahan Rethinasamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Blight ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Proteins ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Tomato Landrace

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Analysis of Genes Involved in Plant Defense Response to the Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus Infection

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1064
Author(s):  
Anna Slavokhotova ◽  
Tatyana Korostyleva ◽  
Andrey Shelenkov ◽  
Vitalii Pukhalskiy ◽  
Irina Korottseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Proteins ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Acid Pathway ◽  
Related Proteins

Plants have evolved a complex multilayered defense system to counteract various invading pathogens during their life cycle. In addition to silencing, considered to be a major molecular defense response against viruses, different signaling pathways activated by phytohormones trigger the expression of secondary metabolites and proteins preventing virus entry and propagation. In this study, we explored the response of cucumber plants to one of the global pathogens, cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), which causes severe symptoms on leaves and fruits. The inbred line of Cucumis sativus L., which is highly susceptible to CGMMV, was chosen for inoculation. Transcriptomes of infected plants at the early and late stages of infection were analyzed in comparison with the corresponding transcriptomes of healthy plants using RNA-seq. The changes in the signaling pathways of ethylene and salicylic and jasmonic acids, as well as the differences in silencing response and expression of pathogenesis-related proteins and transcription factors, were revealed. The results show that silencing was strongly suppressed in infected plants, while the salicylic acid and ethylene signaling pathways were induced. The genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins and the genes involved in the jasmonic acid pathway changed their expression insignificantly. It was also found that WRKY and NAC were the most sensitive to CGMMV infection among the transcription factors detected.

scholarly journals cDNA Cloning of a Sorghum Pathogenesis-Related Protein (PR-10) and Differential Expression of Defense-Related Genes Following Inoculation with Cochliobolus heterostrophus or Colletotrichum sublineolum

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sze-Chung Clive Lo ◽  
John D. Hipskind ◽  
Ralph L. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Cochliobolus Heterostrophus ◽  
Colletotrichum Sublineolum ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Protein ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Phytoalexin Synthesis

A sorghum cDNA clone was isolated by differential screening of a cDNA library prepared from mesocotyls (cultivar DK18) inoculated with fungal pathogens. The deduced translation product shows sequence similarity to a family of intracellular pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-10) with a potential ribonuclease function. We studied the accumulation of PR-10 and chalcone synthase (CHS) transcripts in mesocotyls following inoculation with Cochliobolus heterostrophus or Colletotrichum sublineolum. CHS is involved in phytoalexin synthesis in sorghum. Coordinate expression of PR-10 and CHS genes was localized in the area of inoculation along with the accumulation of phytoalexins. C. heterostrophus is a nonpathogen of sorghum and cytological studies indicated that cultivar DK18 is resistant to C. sublineolum, a sorghum pathogen. We demonstrated that the two fungi triggered different time courses of plant defense reactions. Inoculation with C. heterostrophus resulted in rapid accumulation of PR-10 and CHS transcripts after appressoria had become mature. Accumulation of these transcripts was delayed in plants inoculated with C. sublineolum until penetration of host tissue had been completed and infection vesicles had formed. Results suggest that different recognition events are involved in the expression of resistance to the two fungi used or that C. sublineolum suppresses the nonspecific induction of defense responses.

scholarly journals Differential Responses of Three Grapevine Cultivars to Botryosphaeria Dieback

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (10) ◽  
pp. 1021-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Spagnolo ◽  
Maryline Magnin-Robert ◽  
Tchilabalo Dilezitoko Alayi ◽  
Clara Cilindre ◽  
Christine Schaeffer-Reiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Response ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Global Response ◽  
Brown Stripe ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽  
Related Proteins

Botryosphaeria dieback is a fungal grapevine trunk disease that represents a threat for viticulture worldwide due to the decreased production of affected plants and their premature death. This dieback is characterized by a typical wood discoloration called brown stripe. Herein, a proteome comparison of the brown striped wood from Botryosphaeria dieback-affected standing vines cultivars Chardonnay, Gewurztraminer, and Mourvèdre was performed. The transcript analysis for 15 targeted genes and the quantification of both total phenolics and specific stilbenes were also performed. Several pathogenesis-related proteins and members of the antioxidant system were more abundant in the brown striped wood of the three cultivars, whereas other defense-related proteins were less abundant. Additionally, total phenolics and some specific stilbenes were more accumulated in the brown striped wood. Strongest differences among the cultivars concerned proteins of the primary metabolism, which looked to be particularly impaired in the brown striped wood of ‘Chardonnay’. Low abundance of some proteins involved in defense response probably contributes to make global response insufficient to avoid the symptom development. The differential susceptibility of the three grapevine cultivars could be linked to the diverse expression of various proteins involved in defense response, stress tolerance, and metabolism.

Pathogenesis Related Proteins in Plant Defense Response

2011 ◽  
pp. 379-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sudisha ◽  
R. G. Sharathchandra ◽  
K. N. Amruthesh ◽  
Arun Kumar ◽  
H. Shekar Shetty
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Plant Defense Response ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Proteins ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Related Proteins

Capsicum annum Hsp26.5 promotes defense responses against RNA viruses via ATAF2 but is hijacked as a chaperone for tobamovirus movement protein

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (19) ◽  
pp. 6142-6158
Author(s):  
Siew-Liang Foong ◽  
Kyung-Hee Paek
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Pepper Mild Mottle Virus ◽  
Movement Proteins ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Gene ◽  
Rna Interaction

Abstract The expression of Capsicum annuum HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 26.5 (CaHsp26.5) was triggered by the inoculation of Tobacco mosaic virus pathotype P0 (TMV-P0) but its function in the defense response of plants is unknown. We used gene silencing and overexpression approaches to investigate the effect of CaHsp26.5 expression on different plant RNA viruses. Moreover, we performed protein–protein and protein–RNA interaction assays to study the mechanism of CaHsp26.5 function. CaHsp26.5 binding to a short poly-cytosine motif in the 3'-untranslated region of the genome of some viruses triggers the expression of several defense-related genes such as PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENE 1 with the help of a transcription factor, NAC DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 81 (ATAF2). Thus, an elevated CaHsp26.5 level was accompanied by increased plant resistance against plant viruses such as Cucumber mosaic virus strain Korea. However, the movement proteins of Pepper mild mottle virus pathotype P1,2,3 and TMV-P0 were shown to be able to interact with CaHsp26.5 to maintain the integrity of their proteins. Our work shows CaHsp26.5 as a positive player in the plant defense response against several plant RNA viruses. However, some tobamoviruses can hijack CaHsp26.5’s chaperone activity for their own benefit.

scholarly journals The Molecular Priming of Defense Responses is Differently Regulated in Grapevine Genotypes Following Elicitor Application against Powdery Mildew

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6776
Author(s):  
Chiara Pagliarani ◽  
Amedeo Moine ◽  
Walter Chitarra ◽  
Giovanna Roberta Meloni ◽  
Simona Abbà ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Whole Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Resistance Inducers ◽  
Whole Transcriptome

Molecular changes associated with response to powdery mildew (PM) caused by Erysiphe necator have been largely explored in Vitis vinifera cultivars, but little is known on transcriptional and metabolic modifications following application of resistance elicitors against this disease. In this study, the whole transcriptome sequencing, and hormone and metabolite analyses were combined to dissect long-term defense mechanisms induced by molecular reprogramming events in PM-infected ‘Moscato’ and ‘Nebbiolo’ leaves treated with three resistance inducers: acibenzolar-S-methyl, potassium phosphonate, and laminarin. Although all compounds were effective in counteracting the disease, acibenzolar-S-methyl caused the most intense transcriptional modifications in both cultivars. These involved a strong down-regulation of photosynthesis and energy metabolism and changes in carbohydrate accumulation and partitioning that most likely shifted the plant growth-defense trade-off towards the establishment of disease resistance processes. It was also shown that genotype-associated metabolic signals significantly affected the cultivar defense machinery. Indeed, ‘Nebbiolo’ and ‘Moscato’ built up different defense strategies, often enhanced by the application of a specific elicitor, which resulted in either reinforcement of early defense mechanisms (e.g., epicuticular wax deposition and overexpression of pathogenesis-related genes in ‘Nebbiolo’), or accumulation of endogenous hormones and antimicrobial compounds (e.g., high content of abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and viniferin in ‘Moscato’).

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