Nitric oxide, other reactive signalling compounds, redox, and reductive stress

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/eraa331 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

John T Hancock ◽

David Veal

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Cell Activity ◽

Holistic View ◽

Signalling Molecules ◽

Reductive Stress ◽

Redox Couples ◽

Response To Stress ◽

Signalling Compounds ◽

Intracellular Redox

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) and other reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are key signalling molecules in plants, but they do not work in isolation. NO is produced in cells, often increased in response to stress conditions, but many other reactive compounds used in signalling are generated and accumulate spatially and temporally together. This includes the reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Here, the interactions with such other reactive molecules is briefly reviewed. Furthermore, along with ROS and H2S, NO will potentially contribute to the overall intracellular redox of the cell. However, RNS will exist in redox couples and therefore the influence of the cellular redox on such couples will be explored. In discussions of the aberrations in intracellular redox it is usually oxidation, so-called oxidative stress, which is discussed. Here, we consider the notion of reductive stress and how this may influence the signalling which may be mediated by NO. By getting a more holistic view of NO biology, the influence on cell activity of NO and other RNS can be more fully understood, and may lead to the elucidation of methods for NO-based manipulation of plant physiology, leading to better stress responses and improved crops in the future.

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In situ characterisation of phytohormones from wounded Arabidopsis leaves using desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry imaging

The Analyst ◽

10.1039/d0an02118k ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chao Zhang ◽

Asta Žukauskaitė ◽

Ivan Petřík ◽

Aleš Pěnčík ◽

Martin Hönig ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Plant Development ◽

Plant Hormones ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Mass Spectrometry Imaging ◽

Signalling Molecules ◽

Ionisation Mass Spectrometry ◽

Endogenous Regulators ◽

Ionisation Mass

Phytohormones (plant hormones) are a group of small signalling molecules that act as important endogenous regulators in the plant development and stress responses. Previous research has identified phytohormone species, jasmonates,...

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Endothelial PPAR-γ provides vascular protection from IL-1β-induced oxidative stress

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.00490.2015 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 310 (1) ◽

pp. H39-H48 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Masashi Mukohda ◽

Madeliene Stump ◽

Pimonrat Ketsawatsomkron ◽

Chunyan Hu ◽

Frederick W. Quelle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Nitric Oxide ◽

Endothelial Dysfunction ◽

Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽

Transgenic Mice ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽

Ppar Γ ◽

Oxide Synthase ◽

Endothelial Nitric Oxide

Loss of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ function in the vascular endothelium enhances atherosclerosis and NF-κB target gene expression in high-fat diet-fed apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. The mechanisms by which endothelial PPAR-γ regulates inflammatory responses and protects against atherosclerosis remain unclear. To assess functional interactions between PPAR-γ and inflammation, we used a model of IL-1β-induced aortic dysfunction in transgenic mice with endothelium-specific overexpression of either wild-type (E-WT) or dominant negative PPAR-γ (E-V290M). IL-1β dose dependently decreased IκB-α, increased phospho-p65, and increased luciferase activity in the aorta of NF-κB-LUC transgenic mice. IL-1β also dose dependently reduced endothelial-dependent relaxation by ACh. The loss of ACh responsiveness was partially improved by pretreatment of the vessels with the PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone or in E-WT. Conversely, IL-1β-induced endothelial dysfunction was worsened in the aorta from E-V290M mice. Although IL-1β increased the expression of NF-κB target genes, NF-κB p65 inhibitor did not alleviate endothelial dysfunction induced by IL-1β. Tempol, a SOD mimetic, partially restored ACh responsiveness in the IL-1β-treated aorta. Notably, tempol only modestly improved protection in the E-WT aorta but had an increased protective effect in the E-V290M aorta compared with the aorta from nontransgenic mice, suggesting that PPAR-γ-mediated protection involves antioxidant effects. IL-1β increased ROS and decreased the phospho-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Ser1177)-to-endothelial nitric oxide synthase ratio in the nontransgenic aorta. These effects were completely abolished in the aorta with endothelial overexpression of WT PPAR-γ but were worsened in the aorta with E-V290M even in the absence of IL-1β. We conclude that PPAR-γ protects against IL-1β-mediated endothelial dysfunction through a reduction of oxidative stress responses but not by blunting IL-1β-mediated NF-κB activity.

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Hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide as signalling molecules in plants

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/53.372.1237 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 53 (372) ◽

pp. 1237-1247 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Steven J. Neill ◽

Radhika Desikan ◽

Andrew Clarke ◽

Roger D. Hurst ◽

John T. Hancock

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Signalling Molecules

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Hair cortisol and its potential value as a physiological measure of stress response in human and non-human animals

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an15622 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 401 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

C. Burnard ◽

C. Ralph ◽

P. Hynd ◽

J. Hocking Edwards ◽

A. Tilbrook

Keyword(s):

Chronic Stress ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Sampling Site ◽

Future Research ◽

Hair Cortisol ◽

Hair Sampling ◽

Acute And Chronic Stress ◽

Lack Of Information ◽

Technical Validation ◽

Response To Stress

There is considerable interest in the potential for measuring cortisol in hair as a means of quantifying stress responses in human and non-human animals. This review updates the rapid advancement in our knowledge of hair cortisol, methods for its measurement, its relationship to acute and chronic stress, and its repeatability and heritability. The advantages of measuring cortisol in hair compared with other matrices such as blood, saliva and excreta and the current theories of the mechanisms of cortisol incorporation into the fibre are described. Hair cortisol as a measure of the physiological response to stress in a variety of species is presented, including correlations with other sample matrices, the relationship between hair cortisol and psychosocial stress and the repeatability and heritability of hair cortisol concentrations. Current standards for the quantification of hair cortisol are critically reviewed in detail for the first time and gaps in technical validation of these methods highlighted. The known effects of a variety of sources of hair cortisol variation are also reviewed, including hair sampling site, sex, age and adiposity. There is currently insufficient evidence to conclude that cortisol concentration in hair accurately reflects long-term blood cortisol concentrations. Similarly, there is a lack of information surrounding the mechanisms of cortisol incorporation into the hair. This review highlights several directions for future research to more fully validate the use of hair cortisol as an indicator of chronic stress.

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Fathers' Heightened Stress Responses to Recounting their NICU Experiences Months after Discharge: A Mixed Methods Pilot Study

American Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1731045 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Brittany J. Fronheiser ◽

Saher Ali ◽

Fumiyuki C. Gardner ◽

Alexia C. Hozella ◽

Gina M. Brelsford ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Thematic Analysis ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Personal Narratives ◽

Stress Induction ◽

Stress Biomarkers ◽

Stress Responsivity ◽

Response To Stress ◽

And Coping

Objective The acute and traumatic events associated with having a newborn who requires admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) may elicit long-term concerns for parents postdischarge. Cognitive processing of taxing events influences recurring stress responses, which can be inferred via biomarkers such as salivary cortisol (sCort) and skin conductance (SC). In addition, personal narratives provide an important insight into individual perceptions and coping strategies. The current pilot study aimed to (1) test the hypotheses that fathers' sCort and SC would peak in response to stress induction and decrease during recovery, (2) examine associations among stress biomarkers and stress perceptions, (3) explore fathers' narratives using thematic analysis, and (4) integrate fathers' narrative themes with their stress responsivity. Study Design Using a convergent mixed methods approach, we enrolled 10 fathers of infants formerly cared for in NICU who underwent a Trier Social Stress Test including recounting their NICU experience months postdischarge. Stress responsivity was measured via sCort and SC, while stress perceptions were identified by using the Perceived Stress Scale and Distress Thermometer-Parent. Personal narratives were explored by using thematic analysis. Results The significant rise in fathers' sCort and SC in response to stress induction was reflected in narrative themes including loss, worry, and role strain. Subsequently, fathers' sCort and SC returned to baseline, which was illustrated by themes such as role strength, coping, and medical staff interactions. Fathers' stress measured by PSS was lower than that required for mental health referral, and did not correlate with stress biomarkers. Conclusion Salivary cortisol and skin conductance are useful biomarkers of paternal stress responsivity and recovery. Thematic analysis identified fathers' NICU stressors and coping strategies that mirrored their stress responsivity patterns. Further studies are needed to more broadly examine the sociodemographic variables that influence stress reactivity and perceptions in parents of infants formerly cared for in NICU. Key Points

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N6-methyladenosine modification modulate in the heat stress of sheep (Ovis aries)

10.21203/rs.2.9885/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Zengkui Lu ◽

Huihua Wang ◽

Youji Ma ◽

Mingxing Chu ◽

Kai Quan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Signaling Pathways ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Large Scale ◽

Ovis Aries ◽

Stop Codons ◽

Coding Regions ◽

Mrna Methylation ◽

Response To Stress ◽

And Control

Abstract Background: Intensive and large-scale development of the sheep industry and increases in global temperature are increasingly exposing sheep to heat stress. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) mRNA methylation varies in response to stress, and can link external stress with complex transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. However, no m6A mRNA methylation map has been obtained for sheep, nor is it known what effect this has on regulating heat stress in sheep. Results: A total of 8,306 and 12,958 m6A peaks were detected in heat stress and control groups, respectively, with 2,697 and 5,494 genes associated with each. Peaks were mainly enriched in coding regions and near stop codons with classical RRACH motifs. Methylation levels of heat stress and control sheep were higher near stop codons, although methylation was significantly lower in heat stress sheep. GO revealed that differential m6A-containing genes were mainly enriched in the nucleus and were involved in several stress responses and substance metabolism processes. KEGG pathway analysis found that differential m6A-containing genes were significantly enriched in Rap1, FoxO, MAPK, and other signaling pathways of the stress response, and TGF-beta, AMPK, Wnt, and other signaling pathways involved in fat metabolism. These m6A-modified genes were moderately expressed in both heat stress and control sheep, and the enrichment of m6A modification was significantly negatively correlated with gene expression. Conclusions: Our results showed that m6A mRNA methylation modifications regulate heat stress in sheep, and it also provided a new way for the study of animal response to heat stress.

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Approach to stress endocrine response: somatization in the context of gastroenterological symptoms: a systematic review

African Health Sciences ◽

10.4314/ahs.v19i3.29 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 2537-2545

Author(s):

Gülseren Keskin

Keyword(s):

Stress Responses ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Physiological Stress ◽

Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽

Endocrine System ◽

Traumatic Experiences ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Endocrine Response ◽

Response To Stress

Background: Stress can be defined as an acute threat to the homeostasis of an organism, and in order to manage stress, and maintain stability, the allostatic systems activate an adaptive response. Stress has been shown to have both short - and long-term effects on the function of the gastrointestinal tract, but long-term exposure to stress is more likely to cause endocrine disorders.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the endocrine response to stress, and evaluate the relationship between somatization and gastrointestinal symptoms.Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted on several academic databases, which included, Pubmed, EBSCO and Science Direct. The search was performed using the keywords, “endocrine response to stress”, “somatization” and “gastrointestinal symptoms”. Results: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is essential in controlling physiological stress responses. Dysfunction is related to several mental disorders, including anxiety and depression, or somatization. Symptoms associated with genetic, or other traumatic experiences of individuals under stress, can lead to a maladaptive response to stress. These stressful life events were found to be associated with digestive system-related chronic diseases. Gastrointestinal disorders significantly affect millions of people worldwide. Conclusion: This study examined how the endocrine system responds to stress, and the effect this has in causing stress-related gastrointestinal distresses. Our findings indicate that stress-related psychological disorders are strongly associated with the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms.Keywords: Stress, endocrine response, somatization, gastrointestinal symptoms.

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Genome-Wide Analysis of the Role of NAC Family in Flower Development and Abiotic Stress Responses in Cleistogenes songorica

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes11080927 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 927

Author(s):

Xifang Zong ◽

Qi Yan ◽

Fan Wu ◽

Qian Ma ◽

Jiyu Zhang

Keyword(s):

Differential Expression ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Gene Expression Profiles ◽

Purifying Selection ◽

Go Annotation ◽

Nac Transcription Factors ◽

Response To Stress ◽

Nac Family

Plant-specific NAC (NAM, ATAF, CUC) transcription factor (TF) family plays important roles in biological processes such as plant growth and response to stress. Nevertheless, no information is known about NAC TFs in Cleistogenes songorica, a prominent xerophyte desert grass in northwestern China. In this study, 162 NAC genes were found from the Cleistogenes songorica genome, among which 156 C. songoricaNAC (CsNAC) genes (96.3%) were mapped onto 20 chromosomes. The phylogenetic tree constructed by CsNAC and rice NAC TFs can be separated into 14 subfamilies. Syntenic and Ka/Ks analyses showed that CsNACs were primarily expanded by genomewide replication events, and purifying selection was the primary force driving the evolution of CsNAC family genes. The CsNAC gene expression profiles showed that 36 CsNAC genes showed differential expression between cleistogamous (CL) and chasmogamous (CH) flowers. One hundred and two CsNAC genes showed differential expression under heat, cold, drought, salt and ABA treatment. Twenty-three CsNAC genes were commonly differentially expressed both under stress responses and during dimorphic floret development. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation, coexpression network and qRT-PCR tests revealed that these CsNAC genes may simultaneously regulate dimorphic floret development and the response to stress. Our results may help to characterize the NAC transcription factors in C. songorica and provide new insights into the functional research and application of the NAC family in crop improvement, especially in dimorphic floret plants.

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