scholarly journals Restriction of cytosolic sucrose hydrolysis profoundly alters development, metabolism and gene expression in Arabidopsis roots

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Pignocchi ◽  
Alexander Ivakov ◽  
Regina Feil ◽  
Martin Trick ◽  
Marilyn Pike ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Sucrose Hydrolysis ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Exogenous Glucose ◽  
Rich Information ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Reduced Activity

Abstract Plant roots depend on sucrose imported from leaves as the substrate for metabolism and growth. Sucrose and hexoses derived from it are also signalling molecules that modulate growth and development, but the importance for signalling of endogenous changes in sugar levels is poorly understood. We report that reduced activity of cytosolic invertase, which converts sucrose to hexoses, leads to pronounced metabolic, growth and developmental defects in roots of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. In addition to altered sugar and downstream metabolite levels, roots of cinv1 cinv2 mutants have reduced elongation rates, cell and meristem size, abnormal meristematic cell division patterns, and altered expression of thousands of genes of diverse functions. Provision of exogenous glucose to mutant roots repairs relatively few of the defects. The extensive transcriptional differences between mutant and wild-type roots have hallmarks of both high sucrose and low hexose signalling. We conclude that the mutant phenotype reflects both low carbon availability for metabolism and growth and complex sugar signals derived from elevated sucrose and depressed hexose levels in the cytosol of mutant roots. Such reciprocal changes in endogenous sucrose and hexose levels potentially provide rich information about sugar status that translates into flexible adjustments of growth and development.

scholarly journals From little things big things grow: karrikins and new directions in plant development

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark T. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Shoot Branching ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Plant Matter ◽  
New Directions

Karrikins are a family of compounds generated via the incomplete combustion of plant matter. Since their discovery as seed germination stimulants in 2004, a great deal has been learned about the chemistry and the biological mode of action of karrikins. Much interest and progress have stemmed from the structural similarity of karrikins to that of strigolactones – the shoot branching hormone. This review will provide a historical account of some of the more significant discoveries in this area of plant biology. It will discuss how the study of these abiotic signalling molecules, combined with advances in our understanding of strigolactones, has led us towards the discovery of new mechanisms that regulate plant growth and development.

The axr6 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana define a gene involved in auxin response and early development

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hobbie ◽  
M. McGovern ◽  
L.R. Hurwitz ◽  
A. Pierro ◽  
N.Y. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Vascular Pattern ◽  
Chromosome 4 ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Auxin Response ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Physiological Alterations ◽  
Molecular Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Arrest Growth

The indolic compound auxin regulates virtually every aspect of plant growth and development, but its role in embryogenesis and its molecular mechanism of action are not understood. We describe two mutants of Arabidopsis that define a novel gene called AUXIN-RESISTANT6 (AXR6) which maps to chromosome 4. Embryonic development of the homozygous axr6 mutants is disrupted by aberrant patterns of cell division, leading to defects in the cells of the suspensor, root and hypocotyl precursors, and provasculature. The homozygous axr6 mutants arrest growth soon after germination lacking a root and hypocotyl and with severe vascular pattern defects in their cotyledons. Whereas previously described mutants with similar developmental defects are completely recessive, axr6 heterozygotes display a variety of morphological and physiological alterations that are most consistent with a defect in auxin physiology or response. The AXR6 gene is likely to be important for auxin response throughout the plant, including early development.

Maternal iron deficiency alters trophoblast differentiation and placental development in rat pregnancy

Endocrinology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Roberts ◽  
Andrew G Woodman ◽  
Kelly J Baines ◽  
Mariyan J Jeyarajah ◽  
Stephane L Bourque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Junctional Zone ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Iron Deficient ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Maternal Iron

Abstract Iron deficiency occurs when iron demands chronically exceed intake, and is prevalent in pregnant women. Iron deficiency during pregnancy poses major risks for the baby, including fetal growth restriction and long-term health complications. The placenta serves as the interface between a pregnant mother and her baby, and ensures adequate nutrient provisions for the fetus. Thus, maternal iron deficiency may impact fetal growth and development by altering placental function. We used a rat model of diet-induced iron deficiency to investigate changes in placental growth and development. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a low-iron or iron-replete diet starting two weeks before mating. Compared to controls, both maternal and fetal hemoglobin were reduced in dams fed low-iron diets. Iron deficiency decreased fetal liver and body weight, but not brain, heart or kidney weight. Placental weight was increased in iron deficiency, due primarily to expansion of the placental junctional zone. The stimulatory effect of iron deficiency on junctional zone development was recapitulated in vitro, as exposure of rat trophoblast stem cells to the iron chelator deferoxamine increased differentiation toward junctional zone trophoblast subtypes. Gene expression analysis revealed 464 transcripts changed at least 1.5-fold (P<0.05) in placentas from iron-deficient dams, including altered expression of genes associated with oxygen transport and lipoprotein metabolism. Expression of genes associated with iron homeostasis was unchanged despite differences in levels of their encoded proteins. Our findings reveal robust changes in placentation during maternal iron deficiency, which could contribute to the increased risk of fetal distress in these pregnancies.

Abscisic acid - an overlooked player in plant-microbe symbioses formation?

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Stec ◽  
Joanna Banasiak ◽  
Michał Jasiński
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Environmental Status ◽  
Important Player ◽  
Potential Factor

Abscisic acid (ABA) is an ubiquitous plant hormone and one of the foremost signalling molecules, controlling plants' growth and development, as well as their response to environmental stresses. To date, the function of ABA has been extensively investigated as an abiotic stress molecule which regulates the plants' water status. However, in the context of symbiotic associations, ABA is less recognized. In contrast to well-described auxin/cytokinin and gibberellin/strigolactone involvement in symbioses, ABA has long been underestimated. Interestingly, ABA emerges as an important player in arbuscular mycorrhiza and legume-rhizobium symbiosis. The plant's use of stress hormones like ABA in regulation of those interactions directly links the efficiency of these processes to the environmental status of the plant, notably during drought stress. Here we provide an overview of ABA interplay in beneficial associations of plants with microorganisms and propose ABA as a potential factor determining whether the investment in establishing the interaction is higher than the profit coming from it.

scholarly journals TET-mediated epimutagenesis of the Arabidopsis thaliana methylome

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lexiang Ji ◽  
William T. Jordan ◽  
Xiuling Shi ◽  
Lulu Hu ◽  
Chuan He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Transcriptional Repression ◽  
Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Differentially Methylated Genes ◽  
Plant Genes ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Phenotypic Variations

DNA methylation in the promoters of plant genes sometimes leads to transcriptional repression, and the wholesale removal of DNA methylation as seen in methyltransferase mutants results in drastic changes in gene expression and severe developmental defects. However, many cases of naturally-occurring DNA methylation variations have been reported, whereby the altered expression of differentially methylated genes is responsible for agronomically important traits. The ability to manipulate plant methylomes to generate populations of epigenetically distinct individuals could provide invaluable resources for breeding and research purposes. Here we describe “epimutagenesis”, a novel method to rapidly generate variation of DNA methylation through random demethylation of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. This method involves the expression of a human Ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzyme, and results in widespread hypomethylation that can be inherited to subsequent generations, mimicking mutants in the maintenance DNA methyltransferase met1. Application of TET-mediated epimutagenesis to agriculturally significant plants may result in differential expression of alleles normally silenced by DNA methylation, uncovering previously hidden phenotypic variations.

scholarly journals Financing climate change mitigation in agriculture: assessment of investment cases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Khatri-Chhetri ◽  
Tek B Sapkota ◽  
Bojern O Sander ◽  
Jacobo Arango ◽  
Katherine Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Climate Finance ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Sector Investment ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Rich Information

Abstract As with other sectors of the economy, agriculture should also contribute to meeting countries’ emission reduction targets. Transformation of agriculture to low-carbon food systems requires much larger investments in low emission development options from global climate finance, domestic budgets, and the private sector. Innovative financing mechanisms and instruments that integrate climate finance, agriculture development budgets, and private sector investment can improve and increase farmers' and other value chain actors’ access to finance while delivering environmental, economic, and social benefits. Investment cases assessed in this study provide rich information to design and implement mitigation options in agriculture through unlocking additional sources of public and private capital, strengthening the links between financial institutions, farmers, and agribusiness, and coordination of actions across multiple stakeholders. These investment cases expand support for existing agricultural best practices, integrate forestry and agricultural actions to avoid land-use change, and support the transition to market-based solutions.

scholarly journals miPEP858/miR858-MYB3-PSK4 module regulates growth and development in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poorwa Kamal Badola ◽  
Aashish Sharma ◽  
Himanshi Gautam ◽  
Prabodh Kumar Trivedi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Exogenous Treatment ◽  
Regulation Of Growth ◽  
Genome Wide Expression

Small molecules, peptides, and miRNAs are the crucial regulators of plant growth. Here, we show the importance of cross-talk between miPEP858a/miR858a and Phytosulfokine (PSK4) in regulating plant growth and development in Arabidopsis. Genome-wide expression analysis suggested modulated expression of PSK4 in miR858 mutant and overexpression, miR858OX, plants. The silencing of PSK4 in miR858OX plants compromised the growth, whereas over-expression of PSK4 in miR858 mutant rescued the developmental defects. The exogenous application of synthetic PSK4 further complemented the plant development in mutant plants. Exogenous treatment of synthetic miPEP858a in PSK4 mutant led to clathrin-mediated internalization of the peptide however did not enhance growth as in the case of wild-type plants. We also demonstrate that the MYB3 is an important molecular component participating in miPEP858a/miR858a-PSK4 module. Finally, our work highlights the signaling between miR858/miPEP858-MYB3-PSK4 in modulating the expression of key elements involved in auxin responses leading to the regulation of growth.

scholarly journals Altered Differentiation and Proliferation of Prostate Epithelium in Mice Lacking the Androgen Receptor Cofactor p44/WDR77

Endocrinology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 151 (8) ◽  
pp. 3941-3953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shen Gao ◽  
Hong Wu ◽  
Fen Wang ◽  
Zhengxin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Target Gene ◽  
Secretory Proteins ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Prostate Development ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation ◽  
Prostate Epithelium ◽  
Prostate Growth

Although it has been observed that various cofactors modulate activity of the androgen receptor (AR), the specific relationship between AR cofactors and prostate development and functions has not been well studied. To determine whether AR cofactor p44/WDR77 is important in prostate growth and development, we examined prostate architecture in p44/WDR77-null mice and wild-type (WT) littermates. Prostate glands from p44/WDR77-deficient animals were not only smaller than those from WT mice but also had fewer branches and terminal duct tips and were deficient in production of secretory proteins. The p44/WDR77-null prostate tissue was less differentiated and hyperproliferative relative to WT littermates. In addition, the altered expression of androgen-regulated genes was observed in the p44/WDR77-null prostate. Thus, these results suggest that the AR cofactor p44/WDR77 plays important roles in prostate growth and differentiation by modulating AR-target gene expression.

scholarly journals Atrophin Proteins: An Overview of a New Class of Nuclear Receptor Corepressors

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. nrs.06009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wang ◽  
Chih-Cheng Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Receptor ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Transcriptional Networks ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
New Class ◽  
Modifying Factors ◽  
Gene Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Aberrant Gene

The normal development and physiological functions of multicellular organisms are regulated by complex gene transcriptional networks that include myriad transcription factors, their associating coregulators, and multiple chromatin-modifying factors. Aberrant gene transcriptional regulation resulting from mutations among these elements often leads to developmental defects and diseases. This review article concentrates on the Atrophin family proteins, including vertebrate Atrophin-1 (ATN1), vertebrate arginine-glutamic acid dipeptide repeats protein (RERE), and Drosophila Atrophin (Atro), which we recently identified as nuclear receptor corepressors. Disruption of Atrophin-mediated pathways causes multiple developmental defects in mouse, zebrafish, and Drosophila, while an aberrant form of ATN1 and altered expression levels of RERE are associated with neurodegenerative disease and cancer in humans, respectively. We here provide an overview of current knowledge about these Atrophin proteins. We hope that this information on Atrophin proteins may help stimulate fresh ideas about how this newly identified class of nuclear receptor corepressors aids specific nuclear receptors and other transcriptional factors in regulating gene transcription, manifesting physiological effects, and causing diseases.

scholarly journals OsNAC109 regulates senescence, growth and development by altering the expression of senescence- and phytohormone-associated genes in rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 637-654
Author(s):  
Liangjian Li ◽  
Yan He ◽  
Zhihong Zhang ◽  
Yongfeng Shi ◽  
Xiaobo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Growth Trait ◽  
Chromosome 9 ◽  
Yellow Leaf ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Cis Element ◽  
Scavenging Enzymes

Abstract Key message We demonstrate that OsNAC109 regulates senescence, growth and development via binding to the cis-element CNTCSSNNSCAVG and altering the expression of multiple senescence- and hormone-associated genes in rice. Abstract The NAC family is one of the largest transcripton factor families in plants and plays an essential role in plant development, leaf senescence and responses to biotic/abiotic stresses through modulating the expression of numerous genes. Here, we isolated and characterized a novel yellow leaf 3 (yl3) mutant exhibiting arrested-growth, increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased level of soluble proteins, increased level of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced activities of ROS scavenging enzymes, altered expression of photosynthesis and senescence/hormone-associated genes. The yellow leaf and arrested-growth trait was controlled by a single recessive gene located to chromosome 9. A single nucleotide substitution was detected in the mutant allele leading to premature termination of its coding protein. Genetic complementation could rescue the mutant phenotype while the YL3 knockout lines displayed similar phenotype to WT. YL3 was expressed in all tissues tested and predicted to encode a transcriptional factor OsNAC109 which localizes to the nucleus. It was confirmed that OsNAC109 could directly regulate the expression of OsNAP, OsNYC3, OsEATB, OsAMTR1, OsZFP185, OsMPS and OsGA2ox3 by targeting to the highly conserved cis-element CNTCSSNNSCAVG except OsSAMS1. Our results demonstrated that OsNAC109 is essential to rice leaf senescence, growth and development through regulating the expression of senescence- and phytohormone-associated genes in rice.

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