scholarly journals Morphometric relationships and their contribution to biomass and cannabinoid yield in hybrids of hemp (Cannabis sativa)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig H Carlson ◽  
George M Stack ◽  
Yu Jiang ◽  
Bircan Taşkıran ◽  
Ali R Cala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Canopy Architecture ◽  
Floral Phenology ◽  
Inbred Parent ◽  
Strong Linear Relationship

Abstract The breeding of hybrid cultivars of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is not well described, especially the segregation and inheritance of traits that are important for yield. A total of 23 families were produced from genetically diverse parents to investigate the inheritance of morphological traits and their association with biomass accumulation and cannabinoid yield. In addition, a novel classification method for canopy architecture was developed. The strong linear relationship between wet and dry biomass provided an accurate estimate of final dry stripped floral biomass. Of all field and aerial measurements, basal stem diameter was determined to be the single best selection criterion for final dry stripped floral biomass yield. Along with stem diameter, canopy architecture and stem growth predictors described the majority of the explainable variation of biomass yield. Within-family variance for morphological and cannabinoid measurements reflected the heterozygosity of the parents. While selfed populations suffered from inbreeding depression, hybrid development in hemp will require at least one inbred parent to achieve uniform growth and biomass yield. Nevertheless, floral phenology remains a confounding factor in selection because of its underlying influence on biomass production highlighting the need to understand the genetic basis for flowering time in the breeding of uniform cultivars.

scholarly journals Morphometric relationships and their contribution to biomass and cannabinoid yield in hybrids of hemp (Cannabis sativa)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig H Carlson ◽  
George M Stack ◽  
Yu Jiang ◽  
Bircan Taskiran ◽  
Ali R Cala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Canopy Architecture ◽  
Floral Phenology ◽  
Inbred Parent ◽  
Strong Linear Relationship

The breeding of hybrid cultivars of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is not well described, especially the segregation and inheritance of traits that are important for yield. A total of 23 families were produced from genetically diverse parents to investigate the inheritance of morphological traits and their association with biomass accumulation and cannabinoid yield. In addition, a novel classification method for canopy architecture was developed. The strong linear relationship between wet and dry biomass provided an accurate estimate of final dry stripped floral biomass. Of all field and aerial measurements, basal stem diameter was determined to be the single best selection criterion for final dry stripped floral biomass yield. Along with stem diameter, canopy architecture and stem growth predictors described the majority of the explainable variation of biomass yield. Within-family variance for morphological and cannabinoid measurements reflected the heterozygosity of the parents. While selfed populations suffered from inbreeding depression, hybrid development in hemp will require at least one inbred parent to achieve uniform growth and biomass yield. Nevertheless, floral phenology remains a confounding factor in selection because of its underlying influence on biomass production highlighting the need to understand the genetic basis for flowering time in the breeding of uniform cultivars.

Competitiveness of Herbicide-Resistant Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) with Soybean

Weed Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 729-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Butts ◽  
Bruno C. Vieira ◽  
Débora O. Latorre ◽  
Rodrigo Werle ◽  
Greg R. Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Amaranthus Tuberculatus ◽  
Soybean Plants

AbstractWaterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus(Moq.) J. D. Sauer] is a troublesome weed occurring in cropping systems throughout the U.S. Midwest with an ability to rapidly evolve herbicide resistance that could be associated with competitive disadvantages. Little research has investigated the competitiveness of differentA. tuberculatuspopulations under similar environmental conditions. The objectives of this study were to evaluate: (1) the interspecific competitiveness of three herbicide-resistantA. tuberculatuspopulations (2,4-D and atrazine resistant [2A-R], glyphosate and protoporphyrinogen oxidase [PPO]-inhibitor resistant [GP-R], and 2,4-D, atrazine, glyphosate, and PPO-inhibitor susceptible [2AGP-S]) with soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]; and (2) the density-dependent response of eachA. tuberculatuspopulation within a constant soybean population in a greenhouse environment.Amaranthus tuberculatuscompetitiveness with soybean was evaluated across five target weed densities of 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 plants pot−1(equivalent to 0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 plants m−2) with 3 soybean plants pot−1(equivalent to 300,000 plants ha−1). At the R1 soybean harvest time, no difference in soybean biomass was observed acrossA. tuberculatuspopulations. AtA. tuberculatusdensities <8 plants pot−1, the 2AGP-S population had the greatest biomass and stem diameter per plant. At the R7 harvest time, the 2AGP-S population caused the greatest loss in soybean biomass and number of pods compared with the other populations at densities of <16 plants pot−1. The 2AGP-S population had greater early-season biomass accumulation and stem diameter compared with the otherA. tuberculatuspopulations, which resulted in greater late-season reduction in soybean biomass and number of pods. This research indicates there may be evidence of interspecific competitive fitness cost associated with the evolution of 2,4-D, atrazine, glyphosate, and PPO-inhibitor resistance inA. tuberculatus. Focus should be placed on effectively using cultural weed management practices to enhance crop competitiveness, especially early in the season, to increase suppression of herbicide-resistantA. tuberculatus.

scholarly journals Impact of Different Phytohormones on Morphology, Yield and Cannabinoid Content of Cannabis sativa L.

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Burgel ◽  
Jens Hartung ◽  
Daniele Schibano ◽  
Simone Graeff-Hönninger
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Axillary Branches

The impact of exogenously applied plant growth regulators (PGR), 1-naphthalenaecetic acid (NAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and a mixture of both (NAA/BAP-mix), was investigated in regard to plant height, length of axillary branches, number of internodes, biomass yield and cannabinoid content of three different phytocannabinoid-rich (PCR) Cannabis genotypes. The results showed that total plant height was significantly reduced under the application of NAA (28%), BAP (18%), and NAA/BAP-mix treated plants (15%). Axillary branch length was also significantly reduced by 58% (NAA) and 30% (NAA/BAP-mix). BAP did not significantly reduce the length of axillary branches. The number of internodes was reduced by NAA (19%), BAP (10%), and the NAA/BAP-mix (14%) compared to the untreated control. NAA application influenced the plant architecture of the tested cv. KANADA beneficially, resulting in a more compact growth habitus, while inflorescence yield (23.51 g plant−1) remained similar compared to the control (24.31 g plant−1). Inflorescence yield of v. 0.2x and cv. FED was reduced due to PGR application while cannabinoid content remained stable. Overall, the application of PGR could be used on a genotype-specific level to beneficially influence plant architecture and optimize inflorescence yield per unit area and thus cannabinoid yield, especially in the presence of space limitations under indoor cultivation.

scholarly journals Planting Density Induced Changes in Cotton Biomass Yield, Fiber Quality, and Phosphorus Distribution under Beta Growth Model

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziz Khan ◽  
Xiangjun Kong ◽  
Ullah Najeeb ◽  
Jie Zheng ◽  
Daniel Kean Yuen Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Moderate Density

High input costs combined with multiple management and material inputs have threatened cotton productivity. We hypothesize that this problem can be addressed by a single fertilization at flowering with late sowing in a moderately populated plant stand. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the cotton biomass accumulation, phosphorus dynamics, and fiber quality under three planting densities (low, 3 × 104; moderate, 6 × 104; and dense, 9 × 104 ha−1) and two cultivars (Zhongmian-16 and J-4B). High planting density had 6.2 and 12.6% larger stems and fruiting nodes m−2, while low density produced a 37.5 and 59.4% maximum height node ratio. Moderate density produced 26.4–15.5%, 24.7–12.6%, and 10.5–13.6% higher biomass accumulation rate at the peak bloom, boll set, and plant removal stages over low and high density in both years, respectively. J-4B produced a higher reproductive organs biomass yield when compared with Zhongmian-16 in both years. This higher biomass formation was due to both the higher average (0.8 VT kg·ha−1·d−1) and maximum (1.0 VM kg·ha−1·d−1) reproductive organ phosphorus uptake, respectively. Plants with low density had 5.3–18.5%, 9.5–15%, and 7.8–12.8% greater length, strength, and micronaire values over moderate and dense plants, respectively. Conclusively, moderate density with J-4B is a promising option for improved biomass, phosphorus acquisition, and fiber quality under a short season.

scholarly journals QTL mapping of winter dormancy and associated traits in two switchgrass pseudo-F1 populations: lowland x lowland and lowland x upland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasyidah Mohamad Razar ◽  
Ali Missaoui
Keyword(s):  
Qtl Mapping ◽  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Winter Dormancy ◽  
High Heritability ◽  
Pleiotropic Gene ◽  
Growth Changes

Abstract Background Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) undergoes seasonal growth changes based on the perception of photoperiod and temperature. It transitions to winter dormancy in early fall, breaks dormancy in the spring, and resumes the cycle starting from flowering which is the cue for senescence. The length of the growing season can impact biomass accumulation and yield. In this study, we conducted QTL mapping of winter dormancy measured by fall regrowth height (FRH) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), spring emergence (SE), and flowering date (FD) in two bi-parental pseudo-F1 populations derived from crosses between the lowland AP13 with the lowland B6 (AB) with 285 progenies, and the lowland B6 with the upland VS16 (BV) with 227 progenies. Results We identified 18 QTLs for FRH, 18 QTLs for NDVI, 21 QTLs for SE, and 30 QTLs for FD. The percent variance explained by these QTLs ranged between 4.21 – 23.27% for FRH, 4.47 – 24.06% for NDVI, 4.35 – 32.77% for SE, and 4.61 – 29.74% for FD. A higher number of QTL was discovered in the BV population, suggesting more variants in the lowland x upland population contributing to the expression of seasonal dormancy underlying traits. We identified 9 regions of colocalized QTL with possible pleiotropic gene action. The positive correlation between FRH or NDVI with dry biomass weight suggests that winter dormancy duration could affect switchgrass biomass yield. The medium to high heritability levels of FRH (0.55 – 0.64 H2) and NDVI (0.30 – 0.61 H2) implies the possibility of using the traits for indirect selection for biomass yield. Conclusion Markers found within the significant QTL interval can serve as genomic resources for breeding non-dormant and semi-dormant switchgrass cultivars for the southern regions, where growers can benefit from the longer production season.

scholarly journals Effect of Irrigation and Fertilization Levels on Mineral Composition of Cannabis sativa L. Leaves

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1073-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni WOGIATZI ◽  
Nikolaos GOUGOULIAS ◽  
Kyriakos D. GIANNOULIS ◽  
Christina-Anna KAMVOUKOU
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Digital Object Identifier ◽  
Digital Object ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Nutrients Concentration

A field experiment was conducted in central Greece to study the effect of two irrigation (I1: 100% ETo, I2: 60% ETo) and N-fertilization levels (N1: 244, N2: 184 kg ha-1), on the nutrients concentration of Cannabis sativa leaves (cv. ‘Fibranova’). The  N, K, Ca, Mg, P -concentration in the leaves was ranged by 2.8 to 3.51%, 1.8 to 2.57%, 1.96 to 2.17%, 0.86 to 0.88%, and 0.3 to 0.37% respectively, while by the micronutrients the iron showed the highest concentration that ranged by 129 to 139.8 mg kg-1dw. The treatment I1F1, where the highest level of irrigation and N -fertilization was applied, compared to the other treatments, showed the highest dry biomass yield, however, in the leaves the highest concentrations of N, K, Mn and Cu were not observed. Moreover, it was found that the N, K, Ca, Mg, P and Fe removal only by one ton dry biomass of leaves was ranged by 28 to 35.12 kg, 18.01 to 25.65 kg, 19.6 to 21.7 kg, 8.34 to 8.75 kg, 3.01 to 3.70 kg and 0.129 to 0.140 kg, respectively. These results could contribute optimal fertilizer application and therefore to the reduction of production costs of the crop.   ********* In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 4, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue. *********

scholarly journals Modeling Whitecap Fraction with a Wave Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 887-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Scanlon ◽  
Øyvind Breivik ◽  
Jean-Raymond Bidlot ◽  
Peter A. E. M. Janssen ◽  
Adrian H. Callaghan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Source Term ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Additional Contribution ◽  
Strong Linear Relationship

AbstractHigh-resolution measurements of actively breaking whitecap fraction (WFA) and total whitecap fraction (WFT) from the Knorr11 field experiment in the Atlantic Ocean are compared with estimates of whitecap fraction modeled from the dissipation source term of the ECMWF wave model. The results reveal a strong linear relationship between model results and observed measurements. This indicates that the wave model dissipation is an accurate estimate of total whitecap fraction. The study also reveals that the dissipation source term is more closely related to WFA than WFT, which includes the additional contribution from maturing (stage B) whitecaps.

scholarly journals Fertilization influence on biomass yield and nutrient uptake of sweet corn in potentially hardsetting soil under no tillage

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronley C. Canatoy ◽  
Nonilona P. Daquiado
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Hardsetting soils are considered problem soils due to its behavior of becoming hard and unbearable to cultivate not until rewetted. Few investigations were conducted in this kind of problem soil; hence, information about biomass yield and nutrient uptake is still elusive. This study investigated the impact of potentially hardsetting soil on the biomass yield and nutrient uptake of sweet corn under no-tillage cultivation system with varying fertilization treatments. Results The application of full NPK + 1 Mg ha−1 VC increased stover and grain yield by 26–106% and 11–135%, respectively. Approximately 64% and 112% of sweet corn stover and grain yield increased when treated with full NPK. Highly significant quadratic relationship (P < 0.001) was revealed between total biomass yield and nutrient uptake of sweet corn, implying that 98–99% of the variation in total biomass could be elucidated by its nutrient uptake. Further, this indicated the suitability of nutrient uptake function that could be used as an estimate in the progression of total biomass accumulation. The application of full NPK showed statistically significant (P < 0.001) nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency across treatments. The soil in the experimental area was a potentially hardsetting soil due to its rapid soil strength development at least 4 days from wetting. This implies that with continued use, proper soil management must be implemented like reduced tillage and organic matter application to facilitate structure formation and binding of soil particles by labile fraction in organic matter. Conclusion Application of organic amendment in combination with inorganic fertilizer could be a sustainable production strategy on sweet corn production system in potentially hardsetting soil under no tillage through enhanced nutrient uptake and biomass accumulation.

scholarly journals Quantitative Lasting Effects of Drought Stress at a Growth Stage on Soybean Evapotranspiration and Aboveground BIOMASS

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Yi Cui ◽  
Shaowei Ning ◽  
Juliang Jin ◽  
Shangming Jiang ◽  
Yuliang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Agricultural Drought ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
After Effects ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
High Biomass Yield

Quantifying the lasting effects of drought stress on crop growth is a theoretical basis for revealing agricultural drought risk mechanism and formulating adaptive irrigation strategies. Based on two-season pot experiments of soybean in the Huaibei Plain, quantitative responses of plant evapotranspiration and aboveground biomass at each growth stage from a drought were carried out. The results showed that drought stress at a certain stage of soybean not only significantly reduced the current evapotranspiration and aboveground biomass accumulation during this stage, compared with full irrigation, but also generated the after-effects, which resulted in the reductions of evapotranspiration and biomass accumulation at the subsequent periods. Furthermore, the damaged transpiration and growth mechanism caused by drought gradually recovered through the rewatering later, and the compensation phenomenon even occurred. Nevertheless, the specific recovery effect was decided by both the degree and period of drought before. It is practical to implement deficit irrigation at the seedling and branching stages, but the degree should be controlled. Meanwhile, it is crucial to ensure sufficient water supply during the reproductive growth phase, especially at the flowering and pod-enlargement stage, to guarantee a normal transpiration function and a high biomass yield for soybeans in the Huaibei Plain.

scholarly journals Response of essential oil hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) growth, biomass, and cannabinoid profiles to varying fertigation rates

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0252985
Author(s):  
Steven L. Anderson ◽  
Brian Pearson ◽  
Roger Kjelgren ◽  
Zachary Brym
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Cultivar Selection ◽  
Cherry Blossom ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

Five essential oil hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars (Cherry Blossom, Cherry Blossom (Tuan), Berry Blossom, Cherry Wine, and Cherry Blossom × Trump) were treated with six fertigation treatments to quantify the effects of synthetic fertilizer rates and irrigation electrical conductivity on plant growth, biomass accumulation, and cannabinoid profiles. Irrigation water was injected with a commercial 20-20-20 fertilizer at rates of 0, 50, 150, 300, 450, and 600 ppm nitrogen equating to 0.33 (control), 0.54, 0.96, 1.59, 2.22, and 2.85 dS m−1, respectively. Plants were grown under artificial lighting (18 hr) to maintain vegetative growth for eight weeks, followed by an eight-week flowering period. High linear relationship between chlorophyll concentrations and SPAD-502 measurements validated the utilization of SPAD meters to rapidly identify nutrient deficiency in essential oil hemp. Cultivars expressed significant variation in plant height and cannabinoid profiles (% dry mass), in concurrence with limited biomass and cannabinoid (g per plant) yield variation. Cherry Blossom was the best performing cultivar and Cherry Wine was the least productive. Variation in plant growth, biomass, and cannabinoid concentrations were affected to a greater extent by fertilizer rates. Optimal fertilizer rates were observed at 50 ppm N, while increased fertilizer rates significantly reduced plant growth, biomass accumulation, and cannabinoid concentrations. Increased fertilizer rates (> 300 ppm N) resulted in compliant THC levels (< 0.3%), although when coupled with biomass reductions resulted in minimal cannabinoid yields. Additionally, CBD concentration demonstrated higher sensitivity to increased fertilizer rates (> 300 ppm N) compared to THC and CBG (> 450 ppm N). The results of this study can serve as a guide when using fertigation methods on essential oil hemp cultivars; although results may differ with cultivar selection, environmental conditions, and management practices.

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