Sleep Health and Sleep Disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 283-326
Author(s):  
Weili Gray
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Light Therapy ◽  
Oral Appliance ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder ◽  
Sleep Study ◽  
Integrative Therapies

This chapter reviews the architecture and functions of sleep, how to interview patients on their sleep histories, how to evaluate for sleep disorders, commonly encountered sleep disorders and their pathophysiology, and the conventional and integrative therapies for each. The evaluation process includes a conventional sleep study as well as addressing vitamin D, B, and magnesium status. Sleep disorders discussed in this chapter are obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia, restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, rapid-eye-movement behavior disorder, circadian rhythm disorders, and narcolepsy and other central hypersomnias. The role of conventional tools and times when alternative and complementary therapies may be considered are discussed in detail. Treatment covered include continuous positive airway pressure, oral appliance, myofunctional therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia, physical modalities, acupuncture, light therapy, melatonin, nutraceuticals, and other supplements that aid with sleep and daytime symptoms.

scholarly journals Differences in Sleep Disorders between HIV-Infected Persons and Matched Controls with Sleep Problems: A Matched-Cohort Study Based on Laboratory and Survey Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 5206
Author(s):  
Yen-Chin Chen ◽  
Chang-Chun Chen ◽  
Patrick J. Strollo ◽  
Chung-Yi Li ◽  
Wen-Chien Ko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Sleep Disordered Breathing ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Study ◽  
Psychological Disturbances ◽  
Disordered Breathing

Objectives: Sleep disturbances are prevalent problems among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. The recognition of comorbid sleep disorders in patients with HIV is currently hampered by limited knowledge of sleep-related symptoms, sleep architecture, and types of sleep disorders in this population. We aimed to compare the differences in sleep-related symptoms and polysomnography-based sleep disorders between HIV-infected persons and controls. Methods: The study evaluated 170 men with a Pittsburgh sleep quality index scores greater than 5, including 44 HIV-infected men and 126 male controls who were frequency-matched by sex, age (±3.0 years) and BMI (±3.0 kg/m2). For all participants, an overnight sleep study using a Somte V1 monitor was conducted. Differences in sleep-related symptoms and sleep disorders between HIV-infected patients and controls were examined using t-tests or chi-square tests. Results: HIV-infected persons with sleep disturbances more often had psychological disturbances (72.7% vs. 40.5%, p < 0.001) and suspected rapid eye movement behavior disorder (25.0% vs. 4.8%, p < 0.01) than controls. Sleep-disordered breathing was less common in HIV-infected persons than in controls (56.8% vs. 87.3%, p < 0.001). The mean percentage of rapid eye movement sleep was higher among HIV-infected patients than among controls (20.6% vs. 16.6%, p < 0.001). Nocturia was more common in HIV-infected persons than in controls (40.9% vs. 22.2%, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Psychological disturbances and sleep-disordered breathing can be possible explanations of sleep disturbances in HIV-infected persons in whom sleep-disordered breathing is notable. Further studies are warranted to examine the underlying factors of rapid eye movement behavior disorder among HIV-infected persons with sleep disturbances.

scholarly journals Prevalence and correlates of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease: a polysomnographic study

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Alatriste-Booth ◽  
Mayela Rodríguez-Violante ◽  
Azyadeh Camacho-Ordoñez ◽  
Amin Cervantes-Arriaga
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Equivalent Dose ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Single Night ◽  
Hypopnea Syndrome

Objective Sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease are very common. Polysomnography (PSG) is considered the gold standard for diagnosis. The aim of the present study is to assess the prevalence of nocturnal sleep disorders diagnosed by polysomnography and to determine the associated clinical factors. Method A total of 120 patients with Parkinson’s disease were included. All patients underwent a standardized overnight, single night polysomnography. Results Ninety-four (78.3%) patients had an abnormal PSG. Half of the patients fulfilled criteria for sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS); rapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD) was present in 37.5%. Characteristics associated with SAHS were age (p = 0.049) and body mass index (p = 0.016). Regarding RBD, age (p < 0.001), left motor onset (p = 0.047) and levodopa equivalent dose (p = 0.002) were the main predictors. Conclusion SAHS and RBD were the most frequent sleep disorders. Higher levodopa equivalent dose and body mass index appear to be risk factors for RBD and SAHS, respectively.

scholarly journals 1027 Differences in Polysomnography-Based Sleep Disorders Between HIV-Infected Persons and Matched Controls

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A390-A390
Author(s):  
Y Chen ◽  
C Chen ◽  
P J Strollo ◽  
C Li ◽  
W Ko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Sleep Disordered Breathing ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Sleep Study ◽  
Rem Behavior Disorder ◽  
Psychological Disturbances ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Introduction Sleep disturbance is a prevalent problem among HIV-infected persons. The recognition of comorbid sleep disorders in patients with HIV is currently hampered by limited knowledge of sleep-related symptoms, sleep architecture, and types of sleep disorders. We aimed to compare the differences in sleep-related symptoms and polysomnography-based sleep disorders between HIV-infected persons and controls. Methods The study included 170 men with a Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) greater than 5, composed of 44 HIV-infected men and 126 male controls who were frequency-matched by sex, age (-/+ 3.0 years) and BMI (-/+ 3.0 kg/m2). For all participants an overnight sleep study using a Somte V1 monitor was conducted. Differences in sleep-related symptoms and sleep disorders between HIV-infected patients and controls were examined using t-tests or Chi-square tests. Results HIV-infected persons with sleep disturbances more often had psychological disturbances (72.7% vs. 40.5%, p&lt;0.001) and suspected rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorder (RBD) (25.0% vs. 4.8%, p&lt;0.01) than that of controls. The sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in HIV-infected persons was less common than that in controls (56.8% vs. 87.3%, p&lt;0.001). The mean percentage of REM sleep among HIV-infected patients was higher than that among the controls (20.6% vs. 16.6%, p&lt;0.001). Enuresis was more common in HIV-infected persons than controls (40.9% vs. 22.2%, p=0.02). Conclusion Psychological disturbances and SDB can be the possible explanations of sleep disturbances in HIV-infected persons, in which suspected RBD is notable. Further studies are warranted to examine underlying factors of suspected RBD among HIV-infected persons with sleep disturbances. Support This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Executive Yuan of Taiwan [MOST 105-3011-E-006-002], and National Cheng Kung University Hospital [NCKUH-10702022]

scholarly journals SLEEP DISORDERS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: SPECIFICS, EXAMINATION AND PSYCHOTHERAPY

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
A.I. Melekhin
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Chronic Insomnia ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Psychological Examination ◽  
Screening Assessment ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

The article describes the phenomenon of COVID-somnia, which includes a specific spectrum of changes in sleep from insomnia to behavior disorder during the REM sleep phase. Various effects of COVID-19 on sleep disorders have been shown. Manifestations of covid-associated sleep disorders (chronic insomnia, restless legs syndrome) are described. A model of the relationship between covid-associated anxiety, insomnia and suicidal thinking is presented. The psychological factors influencing the phenomenon of COVID-somnia are systematized. The predicted insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic consists of the presence of intolerance to uncertainty, covid-associated anxiety, feelings of loneliness, the presence of symptoms of depression and anxiety. The algorithm of screening assessment of the patient's condition during the COVID-19 pandemic and the specifics of a complete psychological examination of the COVID-somnia phenomenon in the patient are described for the first time. A protocol for short-term remote cognitive behavioral therapy of anxiety associated with the COVID-19 pandemic by Anderson to minimize chronic insomnia is presented.

scholarly journals Diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders: a brief review for clinicians

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-388 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Light Therapy ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome ◽  
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

Sleep disorders encompass a wide spectrum of diseases with significant individual health consequences and high economic costs to society. To facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders, this review provides a framework using the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Primary and secondary insomnia are differentiated, and pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments are discussed. Common circadian rhythm disorders are described in conjunction with interventions, including chronotherapy and light therapy. The diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome/periodic limb movement disorder is addressed. Attention is focused on obstructive sleep apnea and upper airway resistance syndrome, and their treatment. The constellation of symptoms and findings in narcolepsy are reviewed together with diagnostic testing and therapy, Parasomnias, including sleep terrors, somnambulism, and rapid eye movement (REM) behavior sleep disorders are described, together with associated laboratory testing results and treatment.

scholarly journals Automated Characterization of Cyclic Alternating Pattern Using Wavelet-Based Features and Ensemble Learning Techniques with EEG Signals

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1380
Author(s):  
Manish Sharma ◽  
Virendra Patel ◽  
Jainendra Tiwari ◽  
U. Rajendra Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
The Body ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Cyclic Alternating Pattern

Sleep is highly essential for maintaining metabolism of the body and mental balance for increased productivity and concentration. Often, sleep is analyzed using macrostructure sleep stages which alone cannot provide information about the functional structure and stability of sleep. The cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) is a physiological recurring electroencephalogram (EEG) activity occurring in the brain during sleep and captures microstructure of the sleep and can be used to identify sleep instability. The CAP can also be associated with various sleep-related pathologies, and can be useful in identifying various sleep disorders. Conventionally, sleep is analyzed using polysomnogram (PSG) in various sleep laboratories by trained physicians and medical practitioners. However, PSG-based manual sleep analysis by trained medical practitioners is onerous, tedious and unfavourable for patients. Hence, a computerized, simple and patient convenient system is highly desirable for monitoring and analysis of sleep. In this study, we have proposed a system for automated identification of CAP phase-A and phase-B. To accomplish the task, we have utilized the openly accessible CAP sleep database. The study is performed using two single-channel EEG modalities and their combination. The model is developed using EEG signals of healthy subjects as well as patients suffering from six different sleep disorders namely nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE), sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), narcolepsy, periodic leg movement disorder (PLM), insomnia and rapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD) subjects. An optimal orthogonal wavelet filter bank is used to perform the wavelet decomposition and subsequently, entropy and Hjorth parameters are extracted from the decomposed coefficients. The extracted features have been applied to different machine learning algorithms. The best performance is obtained using ensemble of bagged tress (EBagT) classifier. The proposed method has obtained the average classification accuracy of 84%, 83%, 81%, 78%, 77%, 76% and 72% for NFLE, healthy, SDB, narcolepsy, PLM, insomnia and RBD subjects, respectively in discriminating phases A and B using a balanced database. Our developed model yielded an average accuracy of 78% when all 77 subjects including healthy and sleep disordered patients are considered. Our proposed system can assist the sleep specialists in an automated and efficient analysis of sleep using sleep microstructure.

Cardiovascular Complications of Sleep Disorders: A Better Night’s Sleep for a Healthier Heart / From Bench to Bedside

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodora A. Manolis ◽  
Antonis A. Manolis ◽  
Evdoxia J. Apostolopoulos ◽  
Helen Melita ◽  
Antonis S. Manolis
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Benzodiazepine Receptor ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Acid Type ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cv Disease ◽  
Meta Analyses

: Sleep is essential to and an integral part of life and when lacking or disrupted, a multitude of mental and physical pathologies ensue, including cardiovascular (CV) disease, which increases health care costs. Several prospective studies and meta-analyses show that insomnia, short (<7h) or long (>9h) sleep and other sleep disorders are associated with an increased risk of hypertension, metabolic syndrome, myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmias, CV disease risk and/or mortality. The mechanisms by which insomnia and other sleep disorders lead to increased CV risk may encompass inflammatory, immunological, neuro-autonomic, endocrinological, genetic and microbiome perturbations. Guidelines are emerging that recommend a target of >7 h of sleep for all adults >18 years for optimal CV health. Treatment of sleep disorders includes cognitive-behavioral therapy considered the mainstay of non-pharmacologic management of chronic insomnia, and drug treatment with benzodiazepine receptor agonists binding to gamma aminobutyric acid type A (benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine agents) and some antidepressants. However, observational studies and meta-analyses indicate an increased mortality risk of anxiolytics and hypnotics, although bias may be involved due to confounding and high heterogeneity in these studies. Nevertheless, it seems that the risk incurred by the non-benzodiazepine hypnotic agents (Z drugs) may be relatively less than the risk of anxiolytics, with evidence indicating that at least one of these agents, zolpidem, may even confer a lower risk of mortality in adjusted models. All these issues are herein reviewed.

Decoding the Inter-relationship between Sleep Disorders and Alzheimer’s disease Pathogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeba Mueed ◽  
Pankaj Kumar Rai ◽  
Mohammad A. Kamal ◽  
Nitesh Kumar Poddar
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Light Therapy ◽  
Paired Helical Filaments ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
Causative Agents

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), characterized by abnormally phosphorylated tau, paired helical filaments (PHFs), neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), deregulated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Aβ deposits, is a multifactorial disease with sleep disorders being one of the causative agents. Therefore, we have reviewed the literature and have tried to decode the existence of positive feedback, reciprocal and a bidirectional relationship allying between sleep disturbances and AD. Much light has been thrown on the role of tau pathology and amyloid pathology in sleep pathology and its association with AD pathology. We have also discussed the role of melatonin in regulating sleep disorders and AD. The neuroprotective action of melatonin via inhibiting tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ deposition has also been pondered upon. Moreover, astrocytes involvement in aggravating AD has also been highlighted in this review. Several therapeutic approaches aimed at improving both sleep disorders and AD have been duly discussed such as administration of antidepressants and antihistamines, immunotherapy, metal chelators, melatonin supplementation, light therapy and physical activity. Despite consistent efforts, the complete etiology concerning sleep disorder and AD is still unclear. Therefore, further research is needed to unravel the mechanism involved and also to develop strategies that may help in obstructing AD in its preclinical stage.

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