Neuroscience at the Intersection of Mind and Brain

Author(s):  
Jack M. Gorman

This book makes complicated concepts and findings in modern neuroscience accessible to anyone with an interest in how the brain works. It explains in detail how every experience we have from the moment we are conceived changes our brains. Finally, it advances the idea that psychotherapy is a type of life experience that alters brain function and corrects aberrant brain connections. The chapters explore what makes our brains different from our nearest genetic neighbors; how life’s experiences affect the way genes in the brain are expressed and neurons connect with each other; why connections between different parts of the brain are important in both health and disease; what happens in the brains of animals and humans in the face of sudden fear, in depression, or when falling in love; and how medications and psychotherapies work. The book is based on cutting-edge research in neuroscience, psychiatry, and psychology and includes references to the scientific literature. Written by an author who studied human behavior and brain function for three decades, it is presented in a highly accessible manner, full of personal anecdotes and observations, and it touches on many of the controversies in contemporary mental health practice.

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1668) ◽  
pp. 20140172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus E. Raichle

Traditionally studies of brain function have focused on task-evoked responses. By their very nature such experiments tacitly encourage a reflexive view of brain function. While such an approach has been remarkably productive at all levels of neuroscience, it ignores the alternative possibility that brain functions are mainly intrinsic and ongoing, involving information processing for interpreting, responding to and predicting environmental demands. I suggest that the latter view best captures the essence of brain function, a position that accords well with the allocation of the brain's energy resources, its limited access to sensory information and a dynamic, intrinsic functional organization. The nature of this intrinsic activity, which exhibits a surprising level of organization with dimensions of both space and time, is revealed in the ongoing activity of the brain and its metabolism. As we look to the future, understanding the nature of this intrinsic activity will require integrating knowledge from cognitive and systems neuroscience with cellular and molecular neuroscience where ion channels, receptors, components of signal transduction and metabolic pathways are all in a constant state of flux. The reward for doing so will be a much better understanding of human behaviour in health and disease.


Author(s):  
Jack M. Gorman

Some scientists now argue that humans are really not superior to other species, including our nearest genetic neighbors, chimpanzees and bonobos. Indeed, those animals seem capable of many things previously thought to be uniquely human, including a sense of the future, empathy, depression, and theory of mind. However, it is clear that humans alone produce speech, dominate the globe, and have several brain diseases like schizophrenia. There are three possible sources within the brain for these differences in brain function: in the structure of the brain, in genes coding for proteins in the brain, and in the level of expression of genes in the brain. There is evidence that all three are the case, giving us a place to look for the intersection of the human mind and brain: the expression of genes within neurons of the prefrontal cortex.


Neuroforum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. A73-A84
Author(s):  
Martin Heine ◽  
Arthur Bikbaev

Abstract A detailed analysis of synapses as connecting elements between neurons is of central importance to understand the brain’s cognitive performance and its constraints. Nowadays, state-of-the-art optical methods make possible to localize individual molecules in a living cell. In particular, the dynamics of molecular composition can be evaluated in smallest neuronal compartments, such as pre- and postsynaptic membrane. The monitoring of the distribution of receptors, ion channels, and adhesion molecules over time revealed their continuous stochastic motion. This is surprising, since the synapses are considered as accumulation sites anchoring these molecules. The direct manipulation of the lateral dynamics of glutamate receptors, in combination with classical electrophysiological approaches, demonstrated that such molecular dynamics is necessary for the induction of synaptic plasticity and, in turn, is influenced by synaptic activity. Therefore, the molecular dynamics requires further studies in the context of the brain function in health and disease.


2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 773-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Raymond Smythies

This commentary reviews and extends the target article's treatment of the topic of the role of acetylcholine in hallucinatory experience in health and disease. Particular attention is paid to differentiating muscarinic and nicotinic effects in modulating the use of virtual reality mechanisms by the brain. Then, attention is drawn to the similarities between these aspects of brain function and certain aspects of television digital compression technology.


2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 609-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. Buonocore ◽  
Richard J. Maddock

AbstractMagnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides unique information about the neurobiological substrates of brain function in health and disease. However, many of the physical principles underlying MRS are distinct from those underlying magnetic resonance imaging, and they may not be widely understood by neuroscientists new to this methodology. This review describes these physical principles and many of the technical methods in current use for MRS experiments. A better understanding these principles and methods may help investigators select pulse sequences and quantification methods best suited to the aims of their research program and avoid pitfalls that can hamper new investigators in this field.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Luis-Islas ◽  
Monica Luna ◽  
Benjamin Floran ◽  
Ranier Gutierrez

AbstractHow do animals experience brain manipulations? Optogenetics has allowed us to manipulate selectively and interrogate neural circuits underlying brain function in health and disease. However, in addition to their evoked physiological functions, it is currently unknown whether mice could perceive arbitrary optogenetic stimulations. To address this issue, mice were trained to report optogenetic stimulations to obtain rewards and avoid punishments. It was found that mice could perceive optogenetic manipulations regardless of the brain area modulated, their rewarding effects, or the stimulation of glutamatergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic cell types. We named this phenomenon optoception. Our findings reveal that mice’s brains are capable of “monitoring” their self-activity via interoception, opening a new way to introduce information to the brain and control brain-computer interfaces.One Sentence SummaryBrain manipulations are perceived


Author(s):  
Aigul M. Khakimyanova ◽  

Introduction. Bashkir wedding is one of the most striking forms of traditional culture. Over centuries of evolution, a complex set of ideological and functional related ritual songs, actions, myths and rituals has formed as an integral festive and theatrical performance. This surprisingly unique performance (drama) reflects the worldview of the people, their poetic and musical culture, including peculiarities of social, everyday and social development. The ideology of caring for the welfare of the family and happy family future has been developed and vividly captured in the wedding rituals. Genotypic plans for the continuation of life, creating a sustainable family in order to ensure continuity and fertility of the new family member ― sister–in–law ― is a major determining code of the Bashkir wedding manifested in the complicated mytho-ritual complex tui (wedding, feast). In it, a large role is given to verbal and song contests (Bash. әйтеш), lamentations (сеңләү), good wishes (теләк, алғыш), ‘yar-yar’ chants, magnificence and farewell songs (takmaks) which are organically woven into the course of the wedding to create a festive atmosphere, give special importance to everything that happens. These work of art have various and rather complex functions, since they not only accompany various moments of the wedding celebration, but also reflect ancient mythological ideas, belief in the power of words and actions. The verbal, song and action creative complex acts as a single syncretic whole with what is happening. Goals. The article examines the role of verbal and poetic works in various parts of the wedding ceremony. They are distinguished by a variety of texts and tunes dedicated to various moments of the wedding and ritual actions addressed to the bride and groom (mostly). Results. The ritual of good wishes goes back to the magic of a kind word, which in general in all types of rituals involves the structuring of events in the name of blessings and the consolidation of a happy future. The article traces the reflection of the emotional state of the bride in various poetic texts, which determines the importance of the moment of the girl’s transition to a qualitatively different state of marriage; the importance of the special semantic load of the songs of the Bashkir wedding for the future family life is noted. In all cultures, edification, parting words generalize the prescriptions and rules of behavior for young people. There are two main places of well-wishes in the wedding drama: in front of the wires from the father’s house (girdling) and in the groom’s house (opening the face). Good wishes and edifications, pronounced in the rites of transitional meaning, represent a kind of collection of etiquette, everyday life and traditions of the people. This is the poeticized wisdom and life experience of people who want the well-being of a girl who goes into a ‘foreign’ environment. In a Bashkir wedding, songs of a greatness, entertaining or humorous nature are performed, which are organically included in the drama of the wedding action and become an integral part of the ceremony as a whole.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Caplette ◽  
Robin A. A. Ince ◽  
Karim Jerbi ◽  
Frédéric Gosselin

AbstractVisual object recognition seems to occur almost instantaneously. However, not only does it require hundreds of milliseconds of processing, but our eyes also typically fixate the object for hundreds of milliseconds. Consequently, information reaching our eyes at different moments is processed in the brain together. Moreover, information received at different moments during fixation is likely to be processed differently, notably because different features might be selectively attended at different moments. Here, we introduce a novel reverse correlation paradigm that allows us to uncover with millisecond precision the processing time course of specific information received on the retina at specific moments. Using faces as stimuli, we observed that processing at several electrodes and latencies was different depending on the moment at which information was received. Some of these variations were caused by a disruption occurring 160-200 ms after the face onset, suggesting a role of the N170 ERP component in gating information processing; others hinted at temporal compression and integration mechanisms. Importantly, the observed differences were not explained by simple adaptation or repetition priming, they were modulated by the task, and they were correlated with differences in behavior. These results suggest that top-down routines of information sampling are applied to the continuous visual input, even within a single eye fixation.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan-Maximiliano Kur ◽  
Pierre-Hugues Prouvot ◽  
Ting Fu ◽  
Wei Fan ◽  
Felicia Müller-Braun ◽  
...  

AbstractCommunication with the hematopoietic system is a vital component of regulating brain function in health and disease. Traditionally, the major routes considered for this neuroimmune communication are either by individual molecules such as cytokines carried by blood, by neural transmission, or in more severe pathologies, by entry of peripheral immune cells into the brain. In addition, functional mRNA from peripheral blood can be directly transferred to neurons via extracellular vesicles (EVs) but the parameters that determine their uptake are unknown. We show that transfer of EVs from blood is triggered by neuronal activity in vivo. Importantly, this transfer occurs not only in pathological stimulation but also by neuronal activation caused by the physiological stimulus of novel object recognition. This discovery suggests a continuous role of EVs under pathological conditions as well as during routine cognitive tasks in the healthy brain.


2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Gandolfini ◽  
Adelaide Conti

Le nuove tecnologie di neuroimaging, che rientrano nel grande campo delle neuroscienze, ci consentono di indagare lo studio della funzionalità cerebrale nel momento in cui eseguiamo un dato compito o elaboriamo un pensiero. Oltre allo studio degli stati post-coma, si è così aperto il grande capitolo delle cosiddette “neuroscienze cognitive”, cioè lo studio delle funzioni simboliche superiori che caratterizzano la persona umana. Siamo oggi in grado di mappare le aree cerebrali che sono coinvolte nella memoria, nelle percezioni e nelle emozioni, nell’elaborazioni del processo decisionale, fino a giungere alla condotta etica. L’indubbio grande valore scientifico di queste ricerche trascina con sé il rischio di una pericolosa “invasione di campo”, in argomenti di portata etica che spettano ad altre discipline, dalla filosofia all’antropologia, dalla teologia alla psicologia. La tentazione di ridurre la complessità della persona umana ad una “macchina” neurologicamente predeterminata, con un’architettura neuronale costruita sull’impianto genico non modificabile, porta con sé il pesante ridimensionamento (o l’abolizione) di grandi istanze etiche, quali la libera scelta e la responsabilità. Ne è nata una nuova disciplina, la neuroetica, che si prefigge di leggere l’uomo, nella sua individualità e globalità, alla luce della neurobiologia documentata dalle neuroscienze. Nella realtà, proprio partendo dai dati scientifici, genetici e neurologici, possiamo rigorosamente dimostrare ed affermare che questa impostazione è riduttiva, limitata, lacunosa e, quindi, oggettivamente inaccettabile. Si richiede la fondazione di un’etica delle neuroscienze, piuttosto che l’attuale deriva delle neuroscienze dell’etica. ---------- The new neuroimaging technology allows us to investigate the study of brain function at the moment in which a specific task is executed or a thought is elaborated. In this way, the vast chapter on the so called “cognitive neurosciences” has been opened. Today we are able to map the areas of the brain involved in memory, perception and emotions, in the elaboration of the decisional process, all the way to ethical conduct. The temptation to reduce the complexity of humans to a neurologically predetermined “machine” with an unalterable genetic structure built with a neuronal architecture carries with it a heavy downsizing (or abolition) of important ethical issues, such as freedom of choice and personal responsibility. In reality, starting precisely from scientific, genetic and neurological data, we can state and rigorously demonstrate that this formulation is reductive, limited and faulty and therefore unacceptable objectively. We request the formulation of an ethics for neurosciences rather than the existing neurosciences of ethics into which we have draft.


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