scholarly journals Interoceptive perception of optogenetic brain stimulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Luis-Islas ◽  
Monica Luna ◽  
Benjamin Floran ◽  
Ranier Gutierrez
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Dopaminergic Cell ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
Control Brain ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractHow do animals experience brain manipulations? Optogenetics has allowed us to manipulate selectively and interrogate neural circuits underlying brain function in health and disease. However, in addition to their evoked physiological functions, it is currently unknown whether mice could perceive arbitrary optogenetic stimulations. To address this issue, mice were trained to report optogenetic stimulations to obtain rewards and avoid punishments. It was found that mice could perceive optogenetic manipulations regardless of the brain area modulated, their rewarding effects, or the stimulation of glutamatergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic cell types. We named this phenomenon optoception. Our findings reveal that mice’s brains are capable of “monitoring” their self-activity via interoception, opening a new way to introduce information to the brain and control brain-computer interfaces.One Sentence SummaryBrain manipulations are perceived

scholarly journals Understanding the brain by controlling neural activity

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1677) ◽  
pp. 20140201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Krug ◽  
C. Daniel Salzman ◽  
Scott Waddell
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Control Brain ◽  
Electrical Devices ◽  
Behavioural Experiments ◽  
Brain Processing ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Causal methods to interrogate brain function have been employed since the advent of modern neuroscience in the nineteenth century. Initially, randomly placed electrodes and stimulation of parts of the living brain were used to localize specific functions to these areas. Recent technical developments have rejuvenated this approach by providing more precise tools to dissect the neural circuits underlying behaviour, perception and cognition. Carefully controlled behavioural experiments have been combined with electrical devices, targeted genetically encoded tools and neurochemical approaches to manipulate information processing in the brain. The ability to control brain activity in these ways not only deepens our understanding of brain function but also provides new avenues for clinical intervention, particularly in conditions where brain processing has gone awry.

scholarly journals Muscular Movements in Man, and their Evolution in the Infant: a Study of Movement in Man, and its Evolution, together with Inferences as to the Properties of Nerve-Centres and their Modes of Action in expressing Thought

1889 ◽  
Vol 35 (149) ◽  
pp. 23-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Warner
Keyword(s):  
Brain Area ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Compound Series ◽  
Stimulation Of

(1) Movement in mau has long been a subject of profitable study. Visible movement in the body is produced by muscular contraction following upon stimulation of the muscles by efferent currents passing from the central nerve-system. Modern physiological experiments have demonstrated that when a special brain-area discharges nerve-currents, these are followed by certain visible movements or contraction of certain muscles corresponding. So exact are such reactions, as obtained by experiment upon the brain-areas, that movements similar to those produced by experimental excitation of a certain brain-area may be taken as evidence of action in that area, or as commencing in discharge from that area (see Reinforcement of Movements, 35; Compound Series of Movements, 34).

scholarly journals The restless brain: how intrinsic activity organizes brain function

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1668) ◽  
pp. 20140172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus E. Raichle
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Intrinsic Activity ◽  
Systems Neuroscience ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Molecular Neuroscience ◽  
Constant State ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Brain

Traditionally studies of brain function have focused on task-evoked responses. By their very nature such experiments tacitly encourage a reflexive view of brain function. While such an approach has been remarkably productive at all levels of neuroscience, it ignores the alternative possibility that brain functions are mainly intrinsic and ongoing, involving information processing for interpreting, responding to and predicting environmental demands. I suggest that the latter view best captures the essence of brain function, a position that accords well with the allocation of the brain's energy resources, its limited access to sensory information and a dynamic, intrinsic functional organization. The nature of this intrinsic activity, which exhibits a surprising level of organization with dimensions of both space and time, is revealed in the ongoing activity of the brain and its metabolism. As we look to the future, understanding the nature of this intrinsic activity will require integrating knowledge from cognitive and systems neuroscience with cellular and molecular neuroscience where ion channels, receptors, components of signal transduction and metabolic pathways are all in a constant state of flux. The reward for doing so will be a much better understanding of human behaviour in health and disease.

scholarly journals Location Matters: Navigating Regional Heterogeneity of the Neurovascular Unit

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis-Philippe Bernier ◽  
Clément Brunner ◽  
Azzurra Cottarelli ◽  
Matilde Balbi
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Neurovascular Unit ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Regional Heterogeneity ◽  
Regional Specialization ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
The Brain

The neurovascular unit (NVU) of the brain is composed of multiple cell types that act synergistically to modify blood flow to locally match the energy demand of neural activity, as well as to maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). It is becoming increasingly recognized that the functional specialization, as well as the cellular composition of the NVU varies spatially. This heterogeneity is encountered as variations in vascular and perivascular cells along the arteriole-capillary-venule axis, as well as through differences in NVU composition throughout anatomical regions of the brain. Given the wide variations in metabolic demands between brain regions, especially those of gray vs. white matter, the spatial heterogeneity of the NVU is critical to brain function. Here we review recent evidence demonstrating regional specialization of the NVU between brain regions, by focusing on the heterogeneity of its individual cellular components and briefly discussing novel approaches to investigate NVU diversity.

Role of adrenal catecholamines in cerebrovasodilation evoked from brain stem

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (6) ◽  
pp. H1183-H1191
Author(s):  
C. Iadecola ◽  
P. M. Lacombe ◽  
M. D. Underwood ◽  
T. Ishitsuka ◽  
D. J. Reis
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood ◽  
Medullary Reticular Formation ◽  
Alpha Chloralose ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

We studied whether adrenal medullary catecholamines (CAs) contribute to the metabolically linked increase in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) elicited by electrical stimulation of the dorsal medullary reticular formation (DMRF). Rats were anesthetized (alpha-chloralose, 30 mg/kg), paralyzed, and artificially ventilated. The DMRF was electrically stimulated with intermittent trains of pulses through microelectrodes stereotaxically implanted. Blood gases were controlled and, during stimulation, arterial pressure was maintained within the autoregulated range for rCBF. rCBF and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability were determined in homogenates of brain regions by using [14C]iodoantipyrine and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), respectively, as tracers. Plasma CAs (epinephrine and norepinephrine) were measured radioenzymatically. DMRF stimulation increased rCBF throughout the brain (n = 5; P less than 0.01, analysis of variance) and elevated plasma CAs substantially (n = 4). Acute bilateral adrenalectomy abolished the increase in plasma epinephrine (n = 4), reduced the increases in flow (n = 6) in cerebral cortex (P less than 0.05), and abolished them elsewhere in brain (P greater than 0.05). Comparable effects on rCBF were obtained by selective adrenal demedullation (n = 7) or pretreatment with propranolol (1.5 mg/kg iv) (n = 5). DMRF stimulation did not increase the permeability of the BBB to AIB (n = 5). We conclude that the increases in rCBF elicited from the DMRF has two components, one dependent on, and the other independent of CAs. Since the BBB is impermeable to CAs and DMRF stimulation fails to open the BBB, the results suggest that DMRF stimulation allows, through a mechanism not yet determined, circulating CAs to act on brain and affect brain function.

scholarly journals Glucocorticoid receptor action in metabolic and neuronal function

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Garabedian ◽  
Charles A. Harris ◽  
Freddy Jeanneteau
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
External Signals ◽  
The Brain

Glucocorticoids via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) have effects on a variety of cell types, eliciting important physiological responses via changes in gene expression and signaling. Although decades of research have illuminated the mechanism of how this important steroid receptor controls gene expression using in vitro and cell culture–based approaches, how GR responds to changes in external signals in vivo under normal and pathological conditions remains elusive. The goal of this review is to highlight recent work on GR action in fat cells and liver to affect metabolism in vivo and the role GR ligands and receptor phosphorylation play in calibrating signaling outputs by GR in the brain in health and disease. We also suggest that both the brain and fat tissue communicate to affect physiology and behavior and that understanding this “brain-fat axis” will enable a more complete understanding of metabolic diseases and inform new ways to target them.

scholarly journals ARM Controller and EEG based Drowsiness Tracking and Controlling during Driving

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
B. Naresh ◽  
S. Rambabu ◽  
D. Khalandar Basha
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Traffic Signals ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Brain Wave ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
And Control ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Brain

<span>This paper discussed about EEG-Based Drowsiness Tracking during Distracted Driving based on Brain computer interfaces (BCI). BCIs are systems that can bypass conventional channels of communication (i.e., muscles and thoughts) to provide direct communication and control between the human brain and physical devices by translating different patterns of brain activity commands through controller device in real time. With these signals from brain in mat lab signals spectrum analyzed and estimates driver concentration and meditation conditions. If there is any nearest vehicles to this vehicle a voice alert given to driver for alert. And driver going to sleep gives voice alert for driver using voice chip. And give the information about traffic signal indication using RFID. The patterns of interaction between these neurons are represented as thoughts and emotional states. According to the human feelings, this pattern will be changing which in turn produce different electrical waves. A muscle contraction will also generate a unique electrical signal. All these electrical waves will be sensed by the brain wave sensor and it will convert the data into packets and transmit through Bluetooth medium. Level analyzer unit (LAU) is used to receive the raw data from brain wave sensor and it is used to extract and process the signal using Mat lab platform. The nearest vehicles information is information is taken through ultrasonic sensors and gives voice alert. And traffic signals condition is detected through RF technology.</span>

Neuroscience at the Intersection of Mind and Brain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack M. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Health Practice ◽  
The Face ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Connections

This book makes complicated concepts and findings in modern neuroscience accessible to anyone with an interest in how the brain works. It explains in detail how every experience we have from the moment we are conceived changes our brains. Finally, it advances the idea that psychotherapy is a type of life experience that alters brain function and corrects aberrant brain connections. The chapters explore what makes our brains different from our nearest genetic neighbors; how life’s experiences affect the way genes in the brain are expressed and neurons connect with each other; why connections between different parts of the brain are important in both health and disease; what happens in the brains of animals and humans in the face of sudden fear, in depression, or when falling in love; and how medications and psychotherapies work. The book is based on cutting-edge research in neuroscience, psychiatry, and psychology and includes references to the scientific literature. Written by an author who studied human behavior and brain function for three decades, it is presented in a highly accessible manner, full of personal anecdotes and observations, and it touches on many of the controversies in contemporary mental health practice.

The promise of spatial transcriptomics for neuroscience in the era of molecular cell typing

Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 358 (6359) ◽  
pp. 64-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ed Lein ◽  
Lars E. Borm ◽  
Sten Linnarsson
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Behavioral Correlates ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Axonal Projections ◽  
Functional Circuitry ◽  
Spatial Architecture ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cell Typing

The stereotyped spatial architecture of the brain is both beautiful and fundamentally related to its function, extending from gross morphology to individual neuron types, where soma position, dendritic architecture, and axonal projections determine their roles in functional circuitry. Our understanding of the cell types that make up the brain is rapidly accelerating, driven in particular by recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics. However, understanding brain function, development, and disease will require linking molecular cell types to morphological, physiological, and behavioral correlates. Emerging spatially resolved transcriptomic methods promise to fill this gap by localizing molecularly defined cell types in tissues, with simultaneous detection of morphology, activity, or connectivity. Here, we review the requirements for spatial transcriptomic methods toward these goals, consider the challenges ahead, and describe promising applications.

scholarly journals Deciphering how specialized interneuron-specific cell types contribute to circuit function

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Guet-McCreight ◽  
Frances K Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Inhibitory Cell ◽  
Cell Firing ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe wide diversity of inhibitory cells across the brain makes them fit to contribute to network dynamics in specialized fashions. However, the contributions of a particular inhibitory cell type in a behaving animal is challenging to decipher as one needs to both record cellular activities and identify the cell type being recorded. Thus, using computational modeling to explore cell-specific contributions so as to predict and hypothesize functional contributions is desirable. Here we examine potential contributions of interneuron-specific 3 (I-S3) cells - a type of inhibitory interneuron found in CA1 hippocampus that only targets other inhibitory interneurons - during simulated theta rhythms. We use previously developed multi-compartment models of oriens lacunosum-moleculare (OLM) cells, the main target of I-S3 cells, and explore how I-S3 cell inputs during in vitro and in vivo scenarios contribute to theta. We find that I-S3 cells suppress OLM cell spiking, rather than engender its spiking via post-inhibitory rebound mechanisms. To elicit recruitment similar to experiment, the inclusion of disinhibited pyramidal cell inputs is necessary, suggesting that I-S3 cell firing can broaden the window for disinhibiting pyramidal cells. Using in vivo virtual networks, we show that I-S3 cells can contribute to a sharpening of OLM cell recruitment at theta frequencies. Further, a shifting of the timing of I-S3 cell spiking due to external modulation can shift the timing of the OLM cell firing and thus disinhibitory windows. We thus propose a specialized contribution of I-S3 cells to create temporally precise coordination of modulation pathways.Significance StatementHow information is processed across different brain structures is an important question that relates to the different functions that the brain performs. In this work we use computational models that focus on a particular inhibitory cell type that only inhibits other inhibitory cell types – the I-S3 cell in the hippocampus. We show that this cell type is able to broaden the window for disinhibition of excitatory cells. We further illustrate that this broadening presents itself as a mechanism for input pathway switching and modulation over the timing of inhibitory cell spiking. Overall, this work contributes to our knowledge of how coordination between sensory and memory consolidation information is attained in a brain area that is involved in memory formation.

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