Hierarchical Nature of Psychological Problems

2021 ◽  
pp. 113-134
Author(s):  
Benjamin B. Lahey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Psychological Problem ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Testable Hypothesis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Diagnostic Categories ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Specific Dimension ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Order Domain

All of the dimensions of psychological problem described previously in this book are positively correlated. This means that each dimension of psychological problems has some unique characteristics but also shares important things in common with all other dimensions. The patterns of varying magnitudes of correlations among psychological problems help identify causes and the best ways to prevent and reduce psychological problems. This chapter discusses a formal and testable causal taxonomy of psychological problems to stimulate future research. It is posited that all dimensions of psychological problems are correlated in a hierarchical manner because there is a hierarchy of causes of these problems—and a corresponding hierarchy of the psychological and biological mechanisms through which the causal influences operate. The first level of the proposed causal hierarchy is causal risk factors that are highly nonspecific in the sense of increasing the risk of having some kind of psychological problem but not which specific kind of problem. At the second level of the causal hierarchy, other genetic and environmental risk factors nonspecifically increase risk for any and all dimensions within only one second-order domain of psychological problems, such as only within the internalizing or only within the externalizing problems. Causal factors at the third level are unique to each specific dimension of psychological problems. This testable hypothesis of a hierarchy of causes and mechanisms represents a radical departure from the thinking underlying the putatively distinct diagnostic categories in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

scholarly journals Risk factors associated with severe outcomes of COVID-19: An updated rapid review to inform national guidance on vaccine prioritization in Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Gates ◽  
Jennifer Pillay ◽  
Aireen Wingert ◽  
Samantha Guitard ◽  
Sholeh Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
National Guidance ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
End Stage

Background: To inform vaccine prioritization guidance by the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI), we reviewed evidence on the magnitude of association between risk factors and severe outcomes of COVID-19. Methods: We updated our existing review by searching online databases and websites for cohort studies providing multivariate adjusted associations. One author screened studies and extracted data. Two authors estimated the magnitude of association between exposures and outcomes as little-to-no (odds, risk, or hazard ratio <2.0, or >0.50 for reduction), large (2.0-3.9, or 0.50-0.26 for reduction), or very large (>=4.0, or <=0.25 for reduction), and rated the evidence certainty using GRADE. Results: Of 7,819 unique records we included 111 reports. There is probably (moderate certainty) at least a large increase in mortality from COVID-19 among people aged 60-69 vs. <60 years (11 studies, n=517,217), with 2+ vs. no comorbidities (4 studies, n=189,608), and for people with (vs. without): Down syndrome (1 study, n>8 million), type 1 and 2 diabetes (1 study, n>8 million), end-stage kidney disease (1 study, n>8 million), epilepsy (1 study, n>8 million), motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, or Huntingtons disease (as a grouping; 1 study, n>8 million). The magnitude of association with mortality is probably very large for Down syndrome and may (low certainty) be very large for age 60-69 years, and diabetes. There is probably little-to-no increase in severe outcomes with several cardiovascular and respiratory conditions, and for adult males vs. females. Interpretation: Future research should focus on risk factors where evidence is low quality (e.g., social factors) or non-existent (e.g., rare conditions), the pediatric population, combinations of comorbidities that may increase risk, and long-term outcomes. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO #CRD42021230185.

Bipolar and Related Disorders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah R. Black ◽  
Mary Fristad
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pediatric Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Considerable Research

Bipolar disorder (BD) in children has received considerable research and clinical attention in the last two decades and remains a challenging disorder to diagnose and treat. This chapter begins by describing the diagnoses included under the bipolar and related disorders section of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and providing guidance regarding developmental differences in symptom presentations and differential diagnosis. It then provides a brief overview of risk factors for bipolar disorder, including genetic, neurobiological, and psychological factors. Assessment tools designed to aide clinicians in diagnosing pediatric bipolar disorder are reviewed, as are empirically validated psychopharmacological and psychosocial treatments. A case example highlights the use of these tools and treatment approaches; finally, directions for future research are discussed.

Utility of DSM-5 Criteria for Internet Gaming Disorder

2020 ◽  
pp. 003329412096547
Author(s):  
Kristy Carlisle
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Internet Gaming Disorder ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gaming Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Internet Gaming ◽  
Frequency Counts

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has called for further research on Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) by placing it in Section III of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ( DSM-5). Research on prevalence, risk factors, and development of criteria for a diagnosis of IGD is mixed in the literature. This study sought to contribute to these topics by examining a diverse sample of Internet gamers ( N = 1,881) from around the world. Results showed a prevalence rate of 4.2%, with varying prevalence rates based on demographic characteristics. Significant risk factors for IGD included gender and hours spent gaming. Finally, frequency counts of IGD criteria showed significant differences between participants meeting IGD criteria and those not meeting criteria, as well as significant differences by gender and age. Low frequency counts and significant differences based on demographics point to criteria that may be less appropriate for a diagnosis, as well as considerations for diagnosing diverse populations. Limitations and future research are discussed.

Attachment Organization in Suicide Prevention Research

Crisis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Venta ◽  
Carla Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Self Harm

Background: Identifying risk factors for suicide-related thoughts and behaviors (SRTB) is essential among adolescents in whom SRTB remain a leading cause of death. Although many risk factors have already been identified, influential theories now suggest that the domain of interpersonal relationships may play a critical role in the emergence of SRTB. Because attachment has long been seen as the foundation of interpersonal functioning, we suggest that attachment insecurity warrants attention as a risk factor for SRTB. Aims: This study sought to explore relations between attachment organization and suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and self-harm in an inpatient adolescent sample, controlling for demographic and psychopathological covariates. Method: We recruited 194 adolescents from an inpatient unit and assigned them to one of four attachment groups (secure, preoccupied, dismissing, or disorganized attachment). Interview and self-report measures were used to create four variables reflecting the presence or absence of suicidal ideation in the last year, single lifetime suicide attempt, multiple lifetime suicide attempts, and lifetime self-harm. Results: Chi-square and regression analyses did not reveal significant relations between attachment organization and SRTB, although findings did confirm previously established relations between psychopathology and SRTB, such that internalizing disorder was associated with increased self-harm, suicide ideation, and suicide attempt and externalizing disorder was associated with increased self-harm. Conclusion: The severity of this sample and methodological differences from previous studies may explain the nonsignificant findings. Nonsignificant findings may indicate that the relation between attachment organization and SRTB is moderated by other factors that should be explored in future research.

Political psychology in the digital (mis)information age: A model of news belief and sharing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Joseph Van Bavel ◽  
Elizabeth Ann Harris ◽  
Philip Pärnamets ◽  
Steve Rathje ◽  
Kimberly Doell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
The Social

The spread of misinformation, including “fake news,” propaganda, and conspiracy theories, represents a serious threat to society, as it has the potential to alter beliefs, behavior, and policy. Research is beginning to disentangle how and why misinformation is spread and identify processes that contribute to this social problem. We propose an integrative model to understand the social, political, and cognitive psychology risk factors that underlie the spread of misinformation and highlight strategies that might be effective in mitigating this problem. However, the spread of misinformation is a rapidly growing and evolving problem; thus scholars need to identify and test novel solutions, and work with policy makers to evaluate and deploy these solutions. Hence, we provide a roadmap for future research to identify where scholars should invest their energy in order to have the greatest overall impact.

Dysfunctional Behavior in Organizations: Insights from the Management Control Literature

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 117-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krista Fiolleau ◽  
Theresa Libby ◽  
Linda Thorne
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fraud Triangle ◽  
Audit Risk ◽  
Research Opportunities ◽  
Dysfunctional Behavior ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Published Research

SUMMARY As the scope of the audit continues to broaden (Cohen, Krishnamoorthy, and Wright 2017), research questions in management control and internal control are beginning to overlap. Even so, there is little overlap between these fields in terms of published research to date. The purpose of this paper is to take a step in bridging the gap between the management control and the internal control literatures. We survey relevant findings from the extant management control literature published between 2003 and 2016 on dysfunctional behavior and the ways in which it might be mitigated. We then use the fraud triangle as an organizing framework to consider how the management control literature might help to address audit risk factors identified in SAS 99/AU SEC 316 (AICPA 2002). The outcome of our analysis is meant to identify and classify the extant management control literature of relevance to research on internal control in a manner that researchers new to the management control literature will find accessible. We conclude with a set of future research opportunities that can help to broaden the scope of current research in internal control.

Emerging Syndromes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly C. Allison ◽  
Jennifer D. Lundgren
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Night Eating Syndrome ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Night Eating ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Impairment In Functioning ◽  
Atypical Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Comorbid Psychopathology

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fifth edition, of the American Psychiatric Association (2013) has designated several disorders under the diagnosis of otherwise specified feeding and eating disorder (OSFED). This chapter evaluates three of these, night eating syndrome (NES), purging disorder (PD), and atypical anorexia nervosa (atypical AN). It also reviews orthorexia nervosa, which has been discussed in the clinical realm as well as the popular press. The history and definition for each is reviewed, relevant theoretical models are presented and compared, and evidence for the usefulness of the models is described. Empirical studies examining the disorders’ independence from other disorders, comorbid psychopathology, and, when available, medical comorbidities, are discussed. Distress and impairment in functioning seem comparable between at least three of these emerging disorders and threshold eating disorders. Finally, remaining questions for future research are summarized.

scholarly journals Sensory Loss and Delirium Among Medicare Beneficiaries

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 797-797
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Garcia Morales ◽  
Nicholas Reed
Keyword(s):  
Claims Data ◽  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Vision Impairment ◽  
Sensory Loss ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sensory Impairment ◽  
Medicare Beneficiaries ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dual Sensory Impairment

Abstract Sensory impairment is prevalent among older adults and may increase risk for delirium via mechanisms including sensory deprivation and poor communication which may result in confusion and agitation. In the Medicare Current Beneficiary Study (MCBS), delirium was measured using a validated algorithm of claims data. Sensory impairment was defined as any self-reported trouble hearing or seeing, with the use of aids, and was categorized as no impairment, hearing impairment only (HI), vision impairment only (VI), and dual sensory impairment (DSI). Among, 3,240 hospitalized participants in 2016-2017, 346 (10.7%) experienced delirium. In a model adjusted for socio-demographic and health characteristics, those with HI only, VI only, and DSI had 0.84 (95% CI: 0.6-1.3), 1.1 (95% CI 0.7-1.7), and 1.5 (95% CI 1.0-2.1) times the odds of experiencing delirium compared to those without sensory impairment. Future research should focus on mechanisms underlying association and determine the impact of treatment of sensory loss.

scholarly journals Exercise Addiction and Perfectionism: A Systematic Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gizem Çakın ◽  
Ignatius Darma Juwono ◽  
Marc N. Potenza ◽  
Attila Szabo
Keyword(s):  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Exercise Addiction ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background and aims Exercise addiction may be conceptualized as a behavioral addiction in which a person develops an unhealthy obsession with exercise and physical activity. While exercise addiction is not a formally recognized disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual or the International Classification of Diseases, it has been studied and connected to both personal and situational factors. Perfectionism is a feature that has been strongly linked to exercise addiction. The objective of this systematic literature review, performed by following the PRISMA protocol, was to examine relationships between exercise addiction and perfectionism while also considering the subdimensions of perfectionism in different groups. Methods Three databases (PsycINFO, PubMed/Medline, and SPORTDiscus) were examined. Sixty relevant articles were identified, of which 22 met inclusion criteria. Results The findings substantiate that perfectionism and its dimensions are weakly or moderately related to exercise addiction. This relationship has been observed in adults, adolescents, athletes, and patients with eating disorders. Of the 22 studies examined, only one did not identify an association between perfectionism or its subdomain(s) and exercise addiction. However, in most studies, the common variance between perfectionism and exercise addiction is relatively small, raising questions regarding the clinical relevance of the relationship. Conclusion Perfectionism is related to exercise addiction, but the strength of the relationship varies in different circumstances, which should be examined in future research.

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