Imaging of feeding and eating disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 1075-1086
Author(s):  
Natalie Kurniadi ◽  
Christina E. Wierenga ◽  
Laura A. Berner ◽  
Walter H. Kaye
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Feeding And Eating Disorders ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
And Diffusion

The conceptual framework regarding the aetiology of eating disorders (EDs) has changed dramatically in recent decades. Cutting-edge neuroimaging techniques have led to advancements in understanding the underlying neurobiology of anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED). Techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) allow the opportunity to examine not only structural, but also functional, abnormalities that contribute to extreme eating behaviours characteristic of these life-threatening disorders. Furthermore, research using imaging paradigms suggests that variations in neurobiology are associated with traits that persist after recovery. This chapter will provide insights regarding neural pathways involved in the processing of appetite, reward, mood, body perception, and cognitive inhibition as they pertain to EDs. Findings relevant to feeding disorders will also be discussed. Conclusions will include considerations of treatment applications and directions for future research.

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoichi Ito ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging ◽  
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Internal Capsule ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Cerebellar Peduncles ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Properties

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting multiple neural systems, particularly the extrapyramidal system. Early differentiation of PSP from other diseases mainly featuring parkinsonism, such as Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy, is necessary because the therapeutic strategy and outcome are substantially different. Diffusion tensor imaging is a recently developed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence that is able to non-invasively evaluate neural tracts. Two approaches may be used to measure diffusion properties. One approach is to measure diffusion properties by setting the regions of interest on circular/square regions or along the tractography. The other approach is to perform voxel-by-voxel analysis of the diffusion properties. There are several reports evaluating diffusion tensor abnormalities in PSP, and regions with diffusion tensor abnormlities are distributed through frontal projection fibres, the anterior part of the corpus callosum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, arcuate fasciculus, posterior thalamic radiations, internal capsule and superior cerebellar peduncles. Here, diffusion tensor studies in PSP are reviewed and clinical applications, limitations and future perspectives of diffusion tensor analysis in PSP are discussed.

Imaging of stress-related disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 850-859
Author(s):  
Navneet Kaur ◽  
Cecilia Hinojosa ◽  
Julia Russell ◽  
Michael B. VanElzakker ◽  
Lisa M. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Conditioning Model ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Made In

Great advances have been made in understanding the neurocircuitry of stress disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and, to a lesser extent, acute stress disorder (ASD). Studies using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI and fMRI, respectively) and positron emission tomography (PET) have revealed brain abnormalities consistent with a fear conditioning model. These abnormalities include hyperactivation in brain regions that are associated with the learning and expression of fear, as well as hypoactivation in structures that are associated with safety learning and fear inhibition. Although much progress has been made in our understanding of the neurocircuitry of PTSD, many questions remain unanswered. Future research will be needed to clarify the factors that affect neurocircuitry abnormalities, the origin of such abnormalities, and the role of neuroimaging in assessing and predicting treatment response.

scholarly journals Eating Disorders and Obesity: The Challenge for Our Times

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillipa Hay ◽  
Deborah Mitchison
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Obesity Risk ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Made In

Public health concerns largely have disregarded the important overlap between eating disorders and obesity. This Special Issue addresses this neglect and points to how progress can be made in preventing and treating both. Thirteen primary research papers, three reviews, and two commentaries comprise this Special Issue. Two commentaries set the scene, noting the need for an integrated approach to prevention and treatment. The empirical papers and reviews fall into four broad areas of research: first, an understanding of the neuroscience of eating behaviours and body weight; second, relationships between disordered eating and obesity risk; third, new and integrated approaches in treatment; and fourth, assessment. Collectively, the papers highlight progress in science, translational research, and future research directions.

Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Meningioma in Clinical Practice

Neurosurgery ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1033-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Frederick Cornelius ◽  
Karl Josef Langen ◽  
Gabriele Stoffels ◽  
Daniel Hänggi ◽  
Michael Sabel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Pet Imaging ◽  
Positron Emission Tomography Imaging ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Study Protocols ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Abstract Meningiomas represent about 20% of intracranial tumors and are the most frequent nonglial primary brain tumors. Diagnosis is based on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Mainstays of therapy are surgery and radiotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy is tested in clinical trials of phase II. Patients are followed clinically by imaging. However, classical imaging modalities such as CT and MRI have limitations. Hence, we need supplementary imaging tools. Molecular imaging modalities, especially positron emission tomography (PET), represent promising new instruments that are able to characterize specific metabolic features. So far, these modalities have only been part of limited study protocols, and their impact on clinical routine management is still under investigation. It may be expected that their extended use will provide new aspects about meningioma imaging and biology. In the present article, we summarize PET imaging for meningiomas based on a thorough review of the literature. We discuss and illustrate the potential role of PET imaging in the clinical management of meningiomas. Finally, we indicate current limitations and outline directions for future research.

Pitfalls in Diffusion-Weighted and Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Pediatric Brain

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (05) ◽  
pp. 340-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nivedita Agarwal ◽  
Aylin Tekes ◽  
Andrea Poretti ◽  
Avner Meoded ◽  
Thierry Huisman
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Diffusion Weighted ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
And Diffusion

AbstractDiffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) are advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques that are based on differences in the diffusion rate of water molecules in brain tissue. DWI and DTI are widely used in pediatric neuroradiology to evaluate a wide spectrum of brain diseases. The interpretation of DWI and DTI images requires a basic knowledge of the underlying physics to detect potential pitfalls and avoid misinterpretation. Several DWI pitfalls are related to the dependency of DWI images not only on the diffusivity of water molecules, but also on various additional MRI phenomena such as the T1- and T2- relaxation characteristics and MRI-related artifacts. In addition, knowledge about the age of the child and interval between the onset of injury and acquisition of DWI/DTI images is important. Finally, qualitative evaluation (“eye-balling”) maybe misleading, and the application of quantitative measurements of DTI scalars may avoid misdiagnosis.

scholarly journals Neuroimaging of Traumatic Brain Injury

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
David B. Douglas ◽  
Tae Ro ◽  
Thomas Toffoli ◽  
Bennet Krawchuk ◽  
Jonathan Muldermans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Secondary Injury ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Severe Tbi ◽  
Head Computed Tomography ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Neurosurgical Intervention ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

The purpose of this article is to review conventional and advanced neuroimaging techniques performed in the setting of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The primary goal for the treatment of patients with suspected TBI is to prevent secondary injury. In the setting of a moderate to severe TBI, the most appropriate initial neuroimaging examination is a noncontrast head computed tomography (CT), which can reveal life-threatening injuries and direct emergent neurosurgical intervention. We will focus much of the article on advanced neuroimaging techniques including perfusion imaging and diffusion tensor imaging and discuss their potentials and challenges. We believe that advanced neuroimaging techniques may improve the accuracy of diagnosis of TBI and improve management of TBI.

T2 hypointensity in the deep gray matter of patients with benign multiple sclerosis

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 678-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Ceccarelli ◽  
M Filippi ◽  
M Neema ◽  
A Arora ◽  
P Valsasina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Iron Deposition ◽  
Lesion Volume ◽  
Hyperintense Lesion ◽  
Benign Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Putative Marker ◽  
And Diffusion

Background Gray matter (GM) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2 hypointensity, a putative marker of iron deposition, commonly occurs in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, GM T2 hypointensity in benign MS (BMS) has not yet been characterized. Objective To determine the presence of deep GM T2 hypointensity in BMS, compare it to secondary progressive (SP) MS and assess its association with clinical and diffusion tensor (DT) MRI measures. Methods Thirty-five cognitively unimpaired BMS, 26 SPMS patients, and 25 healthy controls were analyzed for normalized T2-intensity in the basal ganglia and thalamus, global T2 hyperintense lesion volume, global atrophy, and white matter and GM DT metrics. Results BMS and SPMS patients showed deep GM T2 hypointensity compared with controls. T2 hypointensity was similar in both MS subgroups and moderately correlated ( r = −0.45 to 0.42) with DT MRI metrics. GM T2 hypointensity in BMS showed a weak to moderate correlation ( r = −0.44 to −0.35) with disability. Conclusions GM in BMS is not spared from structural change including iron deposition. However, while T2 hypointensity is related to global tissue disruption reflected in DT MRI, the expression of benign versus non-benign MS is likely related to other factors.

scholarly journals Tractography-based targeting of ventral intermediate nucleus: A comparison between conventional stereotactic targeting and diffusion tensor imaging-based targeting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupa A. Vijayakumari ◽  
Drew Parker ◽  
Andrew I Yang ◽  
Ashwin G. Ramayya ◽  
Ronald L. Wolf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging ◽  
Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Probabilistic Tracking ◽  
Ventral Intermediate Nucleus ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Deep Brain

AbstractBackgroundThe ventral intermediate (VIM) nucleus of the thalamus is the main target for lesioning using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) or deep brain stimulation (DBS). Targeting of VIM still depends on standard stereotactic coordinates, which do not account for inter-individual variability. Several approaches have been proposed including visualization of dentato-rubro-thalamic tract (DRTT) using diffusion tensor imaging tractography.ObjectiveTo compare probabilistic tracking of DRTT with deterministic tracking of DRTT and stereotactic coordinates to identify the most appropriate approach to target VIM.MethodsIn this retrospective study, we assessed the VIM targeted using stereotactic coordinates, deterministic and probabilistic tracking of DRTT in 19 patients with essential tremor who underwent DBS with VIM targeted using microelectrode recordings. We subsequently determined the positions of VIM derived from these three approaches and compared with that of DBS lead position using paired sample t-tests.ResultsThe probabilistic tracking of DRTT was significantly anterior to the lead (1.45 ± 1.61 mm (P< 0.0001)), but not in the medial/lateral position (−0.29±2.42 mm (P=0.50)). Deterministic tracking of DRTT was significantly lateral (2.16 ± 1.94 mm (P< 0.0001)) and anterior to the lead (1.66 ± 2.1 mm (P< 0.0001)). The stereotactic coordinates were significantly lateral (2.41 ± 1.41 mm (P< 0.0001)) and anterior (1.23 ± 0.89 mm (P< 0.0001)) to the lead.ConclusionProbabilistic tracking of DRTT was found to be superior in targeting VIM compared to deterministic tracking and stereotactic coordinates.

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