What patients wish you understood

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Rosamund Snow
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Full Health ◽  
Many Body ◽  
Acute Medicine ◽  
Term Condition ◽  
Strong Focus

Learning medicine has traditionally meant a strong focus on acute medicine—diagnosing, treating, curing, and concentrating on one part of the body at a time. Traditionally, the doctor has always been the expert, the person we come to when something is wrong, to help make our bodies healthy again. Those skills are still vital, but things are changing in several key ways. This chapter is written from a personal viewpoint on how helping patients manage chronic conditions requires a different set of skills from those used in acute medicine. Diagnosis becomes only a tiny part of the story, because people can live with a long-term condition for a lifetime, and restoring people to full health is often impossible. Dividing the body up into textbook chapters becomes less and less relevant because chronic illnesses can impact on many body parts at once.

Long-term growth of body, body parts and composition of gain of dairy goat wethers

2015 ◽  
Vol 153 (7) ◽  
pp. 1321-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. ARAUJO ◽  
R. A. M. VIEIRA ◽  
N. S. ROCHA ◽  
M. L. C. ABREU ◽  
L. S. GLÓRIA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Linear Time ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Information Criteria ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Biphasic Model ◽  
Growth Profiles

SUMMARYThe goal of the present study was to characterize the growth of body parts and composition of the growing empty body to infer how these aspects relate to the long-term growth of goat wethers from dairy breeds. Animals were slaughtered at several ages from birth to maturity (≅900 days old). All body parts were weighed and sampled to determine chemical constituent dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, ash and specific energy. The monomolecular (Brody), Gompertz, and Richards models, a biphasic model formed by the combined Brody and Gompertz functions, and a simple linear model were fitted to the growth profiles with different variance functions and were all evaluated using likelihood-information criteria. The effect of breed (genotype) was accounted for in all models but the resulting models were not more likely than the models without the breed effect. Remarkable differences were observed regarding inflection points, growth rates and trends for all body parts and chemical constituents of the body. The biphasic model did not supplant the monomolecular, Gompertz, Richards or the linear model in terms of likelihood-information criteria. Therefore, body parts and chemical constituents of the empty body presented monomolecular, sigmoid and linear time-trends. The growth profiles of fat, protein and energy of the empty body did not scale isometrically with the empty body proper. In addition, the variance was heteroscedastic along the time scale and was better represented by both an exponential variance over time or by a power function of the mean.

What is the body schema?

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-17
Author(s):  
Frédérique de Vignemont ◽  
Victor Pitron ◽  
Adrian J. T. Alsmith
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Body Schema ◽  
General Term ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Detailed Characterization ◽  
Body Representations ◽  
Local Body

The body schema is commonly defined as the representation of a body for action. But what do we mean exactly by that? What makes the body schema so special? The type of information that it represents? The way this information is represented? Or the function of the representation? And is there more than one type of body schema? There is a sense indeed in which the term ‘body schema’ is ambiguous, in that it functions as a general term that groups together various body representations intervening at different stages in motor control, representing short- or long-term properties, used for positive or negative affordances. In addition, one might want to distinguish between local body schemata, which represent body parts, and a global body schema, which represents the body as a whole. But is this latter holistic representation really necessary? Here this chapter will present a detailed characterization of the manifold of representational processes involved in what we commonly refer to as the body schema, as well as the key mechanisms that contribute to their construal.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of the Contemporary Uses and Cultural Significance of Mammals in Mexico

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dulce María Ávila Nájera ◽  
Eduardo J Naranjo ◽  
Barbara Jane Tigar ◽  
Oscar Agustin Villarreal ◽  
Germán David Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Dasypus Novemcinctus ◽  
Leopardus Pardalis ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Conservation Concern

We evaluated current uses of wild mammals by indigenous and mestizo communities in Mexico by extracting data from 59 sources published or produced between 1987–2017, covering data from 240 localities and 3,905 questionnaires. We then calculated a Cultural Value Index (CVI) previously applied to plants to quantify resource use and assess the cultural significance of each mammal. A total of 82 species were reported, and the animals with the highest cultural importance according to their CVI (in brackets) were two species of deer (Odocoileus virginianus [18.32] and Mazama temama [10.04]), as well as the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus [14.18]), white-nosed coati (Nasua narica [14.75]), collared peccary (Pecari tajaccu [11.90]), northern raccoon (Procyon lotor [11.28]) and spotted paca (Cuniculus paca [9.84]). The most common uses were for food, to reduce the damage or harm they cause, and for medicinal purposes, with O. virginianus, P. lotor, N. narica, and D. novemcinctus frequently hunted for all these reasons. Our analysis also highlighted the hunting of rarer species of national conservation concern, including commercial trading of body parts of the felids Panthera onca, Leopardus pardalis, and Leopardus wiedii. By quantifying the ethnozoological significance of wildlife to indigenous communities, indices such as CVI provide a robust measure of the extent of use and preference for particular species or taxa. This adds to the body of evidence used to develop effective regulations and laws related to harvesting and hunting, and helps promote a more sustainable and long-term approach to the use of natural resources.

scholarly journals Hyponatremia associated with long-term medication use in the elderly: an analysis in general practice

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignazio Grattagliano ◽  
Tecla Mastronuzzi ◽  
Gaetano D’Ambrosio
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Community Dwelling Older People ◽  
One Year

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of hyponatremia, its association with long-term medication use and underlying chronic conditions, the rate of hospitalisation and death within 3 months from its discovery and its management in community-dwelling older people. METHODS One year of data for ~5635 patients aged >65 years was extracted from the databases of 19 general practitioners (GPs); 2569 (45.6%) were checked for hyponatremia. RESULTS Hyponatremia occurred in 205 (8.0%) of 2569 checked individuals: 78.5% (161/205) had hypertension, 31.2% (64/205) diabetes, 23.9% (49/205) chronic renal failure; 38.0% (78/205) received diuretics, 36.6% (75/205) renin-angiotensin system antagonists (ACE-I/ARB) and 9.8% (20/205) serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Drug consumption was higher in hyponatremic patients, although only diuretics, ACE-I/ARB, anti-arrhythmics and opioids were significantly associated with hyponatremia. The likelihood of hyponatremia trebled when four drugs were taken, and it was seven-fold higher with the use of six drugs. Hyponatremia was associated with a higher prevalence of chronic illnesses and higher rate of hospitalisation (13.7% vs 7.7%, P = 0.005) and death (3.9% vs 1.8%, P < 0.035). The use of at least one long-term medication was associated with hospitalisation or death in hyponatremic patients (10% vs 6.3%, P = 0.010). Less than 20% of hyponatremic patients had their sodium level checked again after 1 month. DISCUSSION Hyponatremia is not uncommon among community-living older patients, especially in patients taking medications potentially causing hyponatremia. Hyponatremic patients are likely to encounter more serious events, including hospitalisation and death. Targeted training of GPs is desirable to improve their practice.

Comorbidities of Physical and Psychiatric Syndromes in Later Life

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia K. Manning ◽  
Lauren M. Bouchard ◽  
James L. Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Later Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Multiple Chronic Conditions ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Complex Interactions

There is a great deal of concern about the increasing number of older adults who suffer from chronic disease. These conditions result in persistent health consequences and have an ongoing and long-term negative impact on people and their quality of life. Furthermore, the probability that a person will experience the onset of multiple chronic conditions, known as comorbidities, increases with age. Despite the prevalence of comorbidity in later life, scant research exists regarding specific patterns of disease and the co-occurrence and complex interactions of the chronic conditions most closely associated with aging. It is important to review the body of literature on comorbidities associated with physical and psychiatric syndromes in later life to gain an overview of some of the most commonly seen disorders in older adults: hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, arthritis, depression, and dementia. Specific patterns of disease and the co-occurrence and complex interactions of chronic conditions in later life are explored. In conclusion, we consider the need for a more informed understanding of comorbidity, as well as a related plan for addressing it.

scholarly journals First description of epizoic ciliates (Sessilida Stein, 1933) on Bathyporeia Lindström, 1855 (Peracarida, Amphipoda) and infestation patterns in brackish and marine waters

Crustaceana ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-152
Author(s):  
Sander Wijnhoven ◽  
Karin L. Zwiep ◽  
Herman Hummel
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Front Part ◽  
Water Currents ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Long Term Monitoring ◽  
Term Monitoring

During a re-examination of macrozoobenthic samples from a long-term monitoring programme in the Dutch Oosterschelde and Westerschelde, the abundant presence of peritrich ciliates on specimens ofBathyporeiaLindström, 1855, was discovered. Out of the more than 3500Bathyporeiaspecimens investigated, 44% contained ciliates. AlthoughBathyporeia sarsiWatkin, 1938 was significantly more often infested thanBathyporeia pilosaLindström, 1855, these differences in infestation rates were largely due to differences between water bodies with higher infestation rates in the polyhaline than in the mesohaline reach. Observation of additionally collected living specimens and freshly preserved material showed that at least two, and likely three, species of ciliates are present of which two might be undescribed so far. One of the observed species matchesZoothamnium nanumKahl, 1933. A second species belongs to the genusEpistylisEhrenberg, 1830, but does not seem to match a so far known species. This also accounts for a possible third species belonging to the genusZoothamniumBory de St. Vincent, 1826, deviating fromZ. nanumamongst others in the habitus of the stalk. The front part ofBathyporeiaspp. and the antennae in particular, significantly more often harboured ciliates than the remainder of the body, where additional ciliates were only found on the ventral side. This shows that the peritrich ciliates benefit from the water currents induced by the basibiont, providing food items, but might also indicate thatBathyporeiaspp. benefits from the presence of the epibionts as they are most prevalent on the body parts that are easiest to clean. Analyses of densities and distributions of epibiont and basibiont species gave first indications of the ecological niche of the peritrich ciliate communities.

Defining the Competence of Psychologists with a View to Public Accountability *

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ype H. Poortinga ◽  
Ingrid Lunt
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
Codes Of Ethics ◽  
The Body ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Rigorous Evaluation ◽  
Judicial Proceedings ◽  
Psychological Knowledge

In national codes of ethics the practice of psychology is presented as rooted in scientific knowledge, professional skills, and experience. However, it is not self-evident that the body of scientific knowledge in psychology provides an adequate basis for current professional practice. Professional training and experience are seen as necessary for the application of psychological knowledge, but they appear insufficient to defend the soundness of one's practices when challenged in judicial proceedings of a kind that may be faced by psychologists in the European Union in the not too distant future. In seeking to define the basis for the professional competence of psychologists, this article recommends taking a position of modesty concerning the scope and effectiveness of psychological interventions. In many circumstances, psychologists can only provide partial advice, narrowing down the range of possible courses of action more by eliminating unpromising ones than by pointing out the most correct or most favorable one. By emphasizing rigorous evaluation, the profession should gain in accountability and, in the long term, in respectability.

Formulation, Design and Development of Niosome Based Topical Gel for Skin Cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Hemorrhagic Cystitis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Inversion Method ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Formulation Design ◽  
Topical Gel

Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer in which mostly damaged unpaired DNA starts mutating abnormally and staged an unprecedented proliferation of epithelial skin to form a malignant tumor. In epidemics of skin, pigment-forming melanocytes of basal cells start depleting and form uneven black or brown moles. Melanoma can further spread all over the body parts and could become hard to detect. In USA Melanoma kills an estimated 10,130 people annually. This challenge can be succumbed by using the certain anti-cancer drug. In this study design, cyclophosphamide were used as a model drug. But it has own limitation like mild to moderate use may cause severe cytopenia, hemorrhagic cystitis, neutropenia, alopecia and GI disturbance. This is a promising challenge, which is caused due to the increasing in plasma drug concentration above therapeutic level and due to no rate limiting steps involved in formulation design. In this study, we tried to modify drug release up to threefold and extended the release of drug by preparing and designing niosome based topical gel. In the presence of Dichloromethane, Span60 and cholesterol, the initial niosomes were prepared using vacuum evaporator. The optimum percentage drug entrapment efficacy, zeta potential, particle size was found to be 72.16%, 6.19mV, 1.67µm.Prepared niosomes were further characterized using TEM analyzer. The optimum batch of niosomes was selected and incorporated into topical gel preparation. Cold inversion method and Poloxamer -188 and HPMC as core polymers, were used to prepare cyclophosphamide niosome based topical gel. The formula was designed using Design expert 7.0.0 software and Box-Behnken Design model was selected. Almost all the evaluation parameters were studied and reported. The MTT shows good % cell growth inhibition by prepared niosome based gel against of A375 cell line. The drug release was extended up to 20th hours. Further as per ICH Q1A (R2), guideline 6 month stability studies were performed. The results were satisfactory and indicating a good formulation approach design was achieved for Melanoma treatment.

Re-imagining Reproduction: Unsettling Metaphors in the History of Imperial Science and Commercial Surrogacy in India

Somatechnics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalindi Vora
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Commercial Surrogacy ◽  
Art Practices ◽  
History Of ◽  
Travel Industry

This paper provides an analysis of how cultural notions of the body and kinship conveyed through Western medical technologies and practices in Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) bring together India's colonial history and its economic development through outsourcing, globalisation and instrumentalised notions of the reproductive body in transnational commercial surrogacy. Essential to this industry is the concept of the disembodied uterus that has arisen in scientific and medical practice, which allows for the logic of the ‘gestational carrier’ as a functional role in ART practices, and therefore in transnational medical fertility travel to India. Highlighting the instrumentalisation of the uterus as an alienable component of a body and subject – and therefore of women's bodies in surrogacy – helps elucidate some of the material and political stakes that accompany the growth of the fertility travel industry in India, where histories of privilege and difference converge. I conclude that the metaphors we use to structure our understanding of bodies and body parts impact how we imagine appropriate roles for people and their bodies in ways that are still deeply entangled with imperial histories of science, and these histories shape the contemporary disparities found in access to medical and legal protections among participants in transnational surrogacy arrangements.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document