Secondary changes after damage of the central nervous system Significance of spastic muscle tone in rehabilitation

Tendon Tap

The relationship between clinical spasticity and spastic movement disorder in human adults is covered in this chapter. Exaggerated tendon tap reflexes associated with muscle hypertonia are the clinical signs of central nervous system lesions. Therefore, most antispastic treatments are directed at the reduction of reflex activity. However, a discrepancy exists between spasticity as measured in the clinic and movement disorder. Central motor lesions are associated with a loss of supraspinal drive and defective use of afferent input. These changes lead to paresis and maladaptation of the movement pattern. Secondary changes in mechanical muscle fibre and collagen tissue result in spastic muscle tone, which in part compensates for paresis and allows functional movements on a simpler level of organization. In mobile patients, functional training should be applied to improve both function and spasticity. Antispastic drugs can accentuate paresis and should primarily only be applied in non-ambulatory subjects.

Secondary changes after damage of the central nervous system: significance of spastic muscle tone in rehabilitation

Oxford Textbook of Neurorehabilitation ◽

10.1093/med/9780199673711.003.0009 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 76-88

Author(s):

Volker Dietz ◽

Thomas Sinkjaer

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Movement Disorder ◽

Muscle Tone ◽

Movement Pattern ◽

Afferent Input ◽

Tendon Tap ◽

Muscle Hypertonia ◽

The Relationship

The relationship between clinical spasticity and spastic movement disorder in human adultsis covered in this chapter. Signs of exaggerated tendon tap reflexes with muscle hypertonia are the consequence of central nervous system lesions. Most antispastic treatments are directed at the reduction of reflex activity. In recent years, a discrepancy between spasticity as measured in the clinic and movement disorder was noticed. Central motor lesions are associated with a loss of supraspinal drive and defective use of afferent input. These changes lead to paresis and maladaptation of the movement pattern. Secondary changes in mechanical muscle fibre and collagen tissue result in spastic muscle tone, which in part compensates for paresis and allows functional movements on a simpler level of organization. In mobile patients functional training should be applied to improve both function and spasticity. Antispastic drugs can accentuate paresis and should primarily only be applied in non-ambulatory subjects.

Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) ◽

The clinical relevance of the microelements content in newborns after perinatal asphyxia

10.21508/1027-4065-2019-64-6-53-56 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (6) ◽

pp. 53-56

Author(s):

S. Sh. Gasanov ◽

Sh. A. Sadigova ◽

B. A. Babaeva

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Trace Elements ◽

Blood Serum ◽

Muscle Tone ◽

Perinatal Asphyxia ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Full Term ◽

Clinical Indicators ◽

Research purpose. To identify the correlation between the clinical signs of neonatal adaptation in the dynamics and the content of trace elements in the serum of newborns of different gestational ages who underwent perinatal asphyxia (main group): 41 premature infants and 27 full-term children.Results. It was found that there was a direct significant correlation between the concentration of trace elements (Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu), gestational age and Apgar grades (5th minute) in n prematurely born babies during the period of acute adaptation (3-5 days). Reliable feedback was established between the clinical signs of posthypoxic damage to the central nervous system, suppression syndrome and the content of Fe, Mg and Zn, as well as a weakening of muscle tone and the content of Zn and Mg. In full-term babies, the correlation between the content of Fe, Zn, Mg in the blood serum and clinical indicators was expressed more clearly. In these children, a significant positive correlation was observed between the Ca content in the blood and the syndrome of neuro-reflex excitability.Conclusion. The determination of trace elements in blood serum in newborns in the dynamics of the neonatal period (3-5th and 21-28th days of life) makes it possible to predict the course and severity of hypoxic-ischemic damage to the Central nervous system.

Presence of amastigotes in the central nervous system of hamsters infected with Leishmania sp.

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612011000200002 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 97-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Elisangela de Oliveira ◽

Elisa Teruya Oshiro ◽

Rebeca Vieira Pinto ◽

Bruna Corrêa de Castro ◽

Karla Borges Daniel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Direct Examination ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Animal House ◽

Immunohistochemical Studies ◽

Negative Controls ◽

The Brain

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe chronic disease caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. Better knowledge on the effects caused by this disease can help develop adequate clinical management and treatment. Parasitological and immunohistochemical studies were performed golden hamsters Mesocricetus auratus infected with bone marrow from individuals with VL in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, central-west Brazil. The effects of parasitism in the spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, heart and brain of the animals were examined. Eighteen hamsters were inoculated intraperitoneally, and six healthy animals were used as negative controls. The animals were kept in the animal house and checked for clinical signs. Specimens of each organ were examined for the presence of amastigotes. Immunohistochemical technique was performed in all brain specimens and organs negative on the direct examination of parasites. Direct examination of amastigotes was positive in the spleen and liver of all infected animals; 33.3% showed the parasite in the kidneys and lungs, and 16.7% in the heart. Parasitic forms were seen in 83.3% (15/18) of the brain examined. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the results of the direct examination, except in two specimens of lung tissue and in the brain specimens. Other studies are needed to further clarify the effect of the parasite in the central nervous system.

Clinical and neurosonographic signs of c entral nervous system in newborns

Vladikavkaz Medico-Biological Bulletin ◽

10.12737/11808 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 20 (30) ◽

pp. 97-100

Author(s):

Хетагурова ◽

Yuliana Khetagurova ◽

Ревазова ◽

Asya Revazova ◽

Бораева ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Perinatal Asphyxia ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Significant Progress ◽

Moderate Severity ◽

Significant Mortality

Despite of significant progress in the development of technologies of clinical monitoring and the fetus and newborn pathology study, perinatal asphyxia or, more accurately – cerebral ischemia (CI) remain serious condition, causing significant mortality and long-term morbidity. Chi-acquired syndrome characterized by clinical and laboratory signs of acute brain injury due to asphyxia (ie, hypoxia, acidosis). The paper reflects the main clinical signs and neurosonographic lesion of the Central nervous system (CNS) in neonatal newborn infants with different gestational age who underwent CI mild to moderate severity.

A Neuropathy in Goats Caused by Experimental Coyotillo (Karwinskia humboldtiana) Poisoning

Pathologia veterinaria ◽

10.1177/030098587000700504 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 435-447 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K. M. Charlton ◽

K. R. Pierce ◽

R. W. Storts ◽

C. H. Bridges

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

White Matter ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Close Correlation ◽

Axonal Dystrophy ◽

Oral Doses

Twenty-two goats were poisoned with daily oral doses of ground coyotillo fruits and were killed at various times after the first day of dosing. The morphologic features and distribution of lesions in the central nervous system were studied by light microscopy. An axonal dystrophy occurred in several of the goats given high daily doses. Swellings occurred along axons of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum and in the white matter of the spinal cord. There was a fairly close correlation between the occurrence of clinical signs suggestive of the neocerebellar syndrome and the occurrence and distribution of lesions in the cerebellum.

Mechanism of penile erection

10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0101 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Selim Cellek

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Smooth Muscle ◽

Erectile Function ◽

Penile Erection ◽

Muscle Tone ◽

Main Determinant ◽

Smooth Muscle Tone ◽

Sexual Stimuli ◽

Sexual stimuli (tactile, visual, olfactory, and imaginative) are processed and integrated in the central nervous system which then activates certain autonomic and somatic pathways within the peripheral nervous system. This coordinated activation of the central and peripheral nervous systems leads to penile erection which is actually a result of relaxation of vascular and cavernosal smooth muscle in the penis. In the flaccid (detumescent) penis, the smooth muscle tone is heightened. Penile erection (tumescence) requires a decrease in the smooth muscle tone. The tone of the penile smooth muscle therefore is the main determinant of erectile function. In this chapter, the current information on the control of erectile function by this central-peripheral-smooth muscle axis will be reviewed.

RYEGRASS STAGGERS: CLINICAL, PATHOLOGICAL AND AETIOLOGICAL ASPECTS

Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association ◽

10.33584/jnzg.1983.44.1643 ◽

1983 ◽

pp. 230-233

Author(s):

P.H. Mortimer

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Close Association ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Parasitic Fungus ◽

Animal Disease ◽

Paper Briefly ◽

Apparent Lack ◽

Biochemical Lesion ◽

This paper briefly introduces animal disease aspects of ryegrass staggers IFiGS) and describes the occurence and the clinical signs of the disease. Recent suggestions for the production of a reversible biochemical lesion in the central nervous system are mentioned in relation to the apparent lack of specific morphological lesions found in sheep. The recent isolation of novel potent neurotoxins, the lolitrems, from toxic pasture material is reviewed. There is now strong circumstantial evidence that the lolitrems produce the neurotoxic disease of RGS and also that the lolitrems are elaborated in the close association of perennial ryegrass with its parasitic fungus, Lolium endophyte, in pastures. Under what conditions the lolitrems are produced, or their precise locus within the association, are not yet known.

Inhibition of Rho GTPases with Protein Prenyltransferase Inhibitors Prevents Leukocyte Recruitment to the Central Nervous System and Attenuates Clinical Signs of Disease in an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis

The Journal of Immunology ◽

10.4049/jimmunol.168.8.4087 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 168 (8) ◽

pp. 4087-4094 ◽

Cited By ~ 76

Author(s):

Claire E. Walters ◽

Gareth Pryce ◽

Deborah J. R. Hankey ◽

Said M. Sebti ◽

Andrew D. Hamilton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Animal Model ◽

Nervous System ◽

Rho Gtpases ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Leukocyte Recruitment ◽

Extravascular foci ofTrypanosoma vivaxin goats: the central nervous system and aqueous humor of the eye as potential sources of relapse infections after chemotherapy

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000066737 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 97 (1) ◽

pp. 51-61 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

D. D. Whitelaw ◽

P. R. Gardiner ◽

M. Murray

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Choroid Plexus ◽

Aqueous Humor ◽

Acute Infection ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Central Nervous System Involvement ◽

Severe Illness ◽

Diminazene Aceturate ◽

SUMMARYRelapse of parasitaemia after drug treatment of trypanosome infections is normally attributed to drug-resistance on the part of the parasite, under-dosage of the drug or reinfection of the host. In addition, inaccessibility of parasites to drug through sequestration in privileged extravascular sites has been shown in the past to occur withTrypanosoma brucei, and we have obtained evidence that extravascular foci ofT. vivaxcan also serve as a source of relapsing infections. Infection of goats with a West African stock ofT. vivaxresulted in severe illness, which was fatal if untreated. During the terminal stage of an acute infection, clinical signs of central nervous system involvement were apparent. Histologically, the choroid plexus was swollen and oedematous, and in some cases meningitis or meningoencephalitis was seen. Trypanosomes could be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid, and also extravascularly in the choroid plexus and meninges. In three cases they were present in the aqueous humor, associated with corneal cloudiness or opacity. Treatment of 2 goats with the trypanocidal drug diminazene aceturate eliminated parasitaemia, but infections in both relapsed about 6 weeks later, despite trypanosomes being undetectable in the bloodstream during the intervening period. We conclude that the relapse infections were caused by re-emergence of trypanosomes from the CNS and/or the eye, where sequestered parasites may have been inaccessible to the trypanocide.

Effects of an aqueous extract of North American ginseng on MOG(35–55)-induced EAE in mice

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y2012-092 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 90 (7) ◽

pp. 933-939 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Laura E. Bowie ◽

Wendi A. Roscoe ◽

Ed M.K. Lui ◽

Robin Smith ◽

Stephen J. Karlik

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

American Ginseng ◽

Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽

Spinal Cord Tissue ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, in which the release of reactive oxygen species by infiltrating immune cells contributes to demyelination. American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius ) is a natural health product with numerous beneficial properties, including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ginseng could influence the course of the disease experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. C57BL/6J mice were immunized with MOG(35–55) peptide to induce EAE. After clinical disease appeared, mice received either oral doses of an aqueous extract of ginseng (150 mg/kg body mass), or the vehicle. Clinical symptoms were recorded, and spinal cord tissue samples were analyzed for pathological signs of disease. The aqueous extract of ginseng significantly decreased (i) clinical signs of EAE, (ii) levels of circulating TNF-α, and (iii) central nervous system immunoreactive iNOS and demyelination scores, without a change in other neuropathological measures. This study shows that an aqueous extract of ginseng may be able to attenuate certain signs of EAE, suggesting that it may be a useful adjuvant therapy for MS.