Genetic explanations 2: adaptations in body size, shape, and composition
Central body fat has been shown to be metabolically harmful while peripheral fat is neutral or even beneficial. The adipose tissue (compartment) overflow and the variable disease selection hypotheses aim to explain why South Asians tend to central adiposity. The former proposes it results from a small superficial subcutaneous fat compartment especially in the lower limbs, so excess energy is deposited as fat in central compartments. The evolutionary forces for this are presumed to be climatic. The latter proposes central fat deposits in South Asians are an evolutionary adaptation to combat gastrointestinal infections. South Asians’ also have small muscle mass, and small hips, for which there are no well-defined hypotheses. The small size at birth of South Asians may be relevant to all these observations. These differences in fat distribution, muscle and skeletal structure could explain a tendency to central (apple-shaped) obesity than generalized or peripheral obesity (pear-shaped).