Assessment and management of severe obesity in adults

2011 ◽  
pp. 1649-1652
Author(s):  
I. Sadaf Farooqi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Severe Obesity ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Excess Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Nutrient Partitioning

Body weight is determined by an interaction between genetic, environmental, and psychosocial factors acting through the physiological mediators of energy intake and expenditure (1). By definition, obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure and in any individual, excessive caloric intake or low energy expenditure, or both, may explain the development of obesity. A third factor, nutrient partitioning, a term reflecting the propensity to store excess energy as fat rather than lean tissue, may contribute.

scholarly journals Severe protein deficiency induces hepatic expression and systemic level of FGF21 but inhibits its hypothalamic expression in growing rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Moro ◽  
Catherine Chaumontet ◽  
Patrick C. Even ◽  
Anne Blais ◽  
Julien Piedcoq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Deficiency ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Growing Rats ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

AbstractTo study, in young growing rats, the consequences of different levels of dietary protein deficiency on food intake, body weight, body composition, and energy balance and to assess the role of FGF21 in the adaptation to a low protein diet. Thirty-six weanling rats were fed diets containing 3%, 5%, 8%, 12%, 15% and 20% protein for three weeks. Body weight, food intake, energy expenditure and metabolic parameters were followed throughout this period. The very low-protein diets (3% and 5%) induced a large decrease in body weight gain and an increase in energy intake relative to body mass. No gain in fat mass was observed because energy expenditure increased in proportion to energy intake. As expected, Fgf21 expression in the liver and plasma FGF21 increased with low-protein diets, but Fgf21 expression in the hypothalamus decreased. Under low protein diets (3% and 5%), the increase in liver Fgf21 and the decrease of Fgf21 in the hypothalamus induced an increase in energy expenditure and the decrease in the satiety signal responsible for hyperphagia. Our results highlight that when dietary protein decreases below 8%, the liver detects the low protein diet and responds by activating synthesis and secretion of FGF21 in order to activate an endocrine signal that induces metabolic adaptation. The hypothalamus, in comparison, responds to protein deficiency when dietary protein decreases below 5%.

Brown adipose tissue activation in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (6) ◽  
pp. E731-E736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjuan Wang ◽  
Xiangzhi Meng ◽  
Chun Yang ◽  
Dongliang Fang ◽  
Xuemeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Sympathetic Denervation ◽  
Brown Adipose

Loss of body weight and fat mass is one of the nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Weight loss is due primarily to reduced energy intake and increased energy expenditure. Whereas inadequate energy intake in PD patients is caused mainly by appetite loss and impaired gastrointestinal absorption, the underlying mechanisms for increased energy expenditure remain largely unknown. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a key thermogenic tissue in humans and other mammals, plays an important role in thermoregulation and energy metabolism; however, it has not been tested whether BAT is involved in the negative energy balance in PD. Here, using the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of PD, we found that the activity of sympathetic nerve (SN), the expression of Ucp1 in BAT, and thermogenesis were increased in PD rats. BAT sympathetic denervation blocked sympathetic activity and decreased UCP1 expression in BAT and attenuated the loss of body weight in PD rats. Interestingly, sympathetic denervation of BAT was associated with decreased sympathetic tone and lipolysis in retroperitoneal and epididymal white adipose tissue. Our data suggeste that BAT-mediated thermogenesis may contribute to weight loss in PD.

Abstract P022: Determinants of Energy Balance: Differences Related to Body Weight and Body Composition

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A Hand ◽  
Robin P Shook ◽  
Jason R Jaggers ◽  
Amanda Paluch ◽  
Vivek K Prasad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Lean Group

Conversion, utilization and storage of energy in the regulation of energy balance is poorly understood. These misconceptions arise from confusion related to energy balance and its impact on body weight and composition, and can bias the interpretation of findings that are important for the development of policies addressing the obesity epidemic. PURPOSE: Our purpose was to examine the regulation of interactions between total daily energy intake (TDEI) and energy expenditure (TDEE) in healthy adults. METHODS: Adults not limited by gender, race or ethnicity (n=430; aged 21 to 40; BMI of 20 to 35) participated in a battery of physiological, anthropomorphic, behavioral and psychological measurements that are associated with energy balance regulation. The primary components of energy balance regulation (TDEI and TDEE) were measured by 3 random 24-hour dietary recalls and SenseWear accelerometry, respectively. Body composition was determined by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Absolute and relative resting metabolic rates (aRMR and rRMR) were determined through hooded indirect calorimetry. General linear modeling was used to examine the relationships of weight and body fatness with TDEI and macronutrient composition as well as the largest components of TDEE including aRMR, rRMR and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE). In addition, data were compared between participants with a healthy body fat % (below 25; n=123) and obese (at or above 30%; n=241). RESULTS: All results were adjusted for age, gender and race. TDEE was positively associated (r=.47, p<.001) with TDEI. There was a positive association between aRMR (L/min) and weight (r=.743, p<.001). By contrast, rRMR (ml/kg/min) was inversely correlated with body weight (r= -.38; p<.001). TDEI was significantly higher in the lean group (2465±66 to 1878±42, p<.001) with no measureable differences in macronutrient percentages. The lean group had a higher TDEE and PAEE as compared to the obese group. CONCLUSIONS: There was a robust matching of TDEI and TDEE across weight and body composition ranges. Heavy people burned more calories than lighter people although the lighter individuals had a higher rRMR. The leaner group had a higher TDEI, reflecting a potential regulation based on the greater TDEE in this group. Further, the increased TDEE could be explained by the higher PAEE (approximately 500 kcal) in leaner individuals. These findings emphasize that energy expenditure is related to mass rather than body composition. The regulation of energy intake and body composition is multifactorial, with PAEE a significant determinant for energy storage. This study was funded through an unrestricted grant from The Coca-Cola Company.

Statistical Evaluation of Total Energy Intake Based on the Number of Food Portions and Body Weight

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rousset S ◽  
◽  
Médard S ◽  
Fleury G ◽  
Fardet A ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Validation Dataset ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
The Mean

The evaluation of food intake based on various assessment methods is critical and underreporting is frequent. The aim of the study was to develop an indirect statistical method of the total energy intake estimation based on gender, weight and the number of portions. Energy intake prediction was developed and evaluated for validity using energy expenditure measurements given by the WellBeNet app. A total of 190 volunteers with various BMIs were recruited and assigned either in the train or the test sample. The mean energy provided by a portion was evaluated by linear regression models from the train sample. The absolute values of the error between the energy intake estimation and the energy expenditure measurement were calculated for each volunteer, by subgroup and for the whole group. The performance of the models was determined using the validation dataset. As the number of portions is the only variable used in the model, the error was 30.7% and 26.5% in the train and test sample. After adding body weight in the model, the error in absolute value decreased to 8.8% and 10.8% for the normal-weight women and men, and 11.7% and 12.8% for the overweight female and male volunteers, respectively. The findings of this study indicate that a statistical approach and knowledge of the usual number of portions and body weight is effective and sufficient to obtain a precise evaluation of energy intake (about 10% of error) after a simple and brief enquiry.

scholarly journals Lorcaserin, A 5-HT2CReceptor Agonist, Reduces Body Weight by Decreasing Energy Intake without Influencing Energy Expenditure

2011 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 837-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corby K. Martin ◽  
Leanne M. Redman ◽  
Jinkun Zhang ◽  
Matilde Sanchez ◽  
Christen M. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake

scholarly journals Antiobesity Effects of the β-Cell Hormone Amylin in Diet-Induced Obese Rats: Effects on Food Intake, Body Weight, Composition, Energy Expenditure, and Gene Expression

Endocrinology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 147 (12) ◽  
pp. 5855-5864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Roth ◽  
Heather Hughes ◽  
Eric Kendall ◽  
Alain D. Baron ◽  
Christen M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Cell Hormone

Effects of amylin and pair feeding (PF) on body weight and metabolic parameters were characterized in diet-induced obesity-prone rats. Peripherally administered rat amylin (300 μg/kg·d, 22d) reduced food intake and slowed weight gain: approximately 10% (P &lt; 0.05), similar to PF. Fat loss was 3-fold greater in amylin-treated rats vs. PF (P &lt; 0.05). Whereas PF decreased lean tissue (P &lt; 0.05 vs. vehicle controls; VEH), amylin did not. During wk 1, amylin and PF reduced 24-h respiratory quotient (mean ± se, 0.82 ± 0.0, 0.81 ± 0.0, respectively; P &lt; 0.05) similar to VEH (0.84 ± 0.01). Energy expenditure (EE mean ± se) tended to be reduced by PF (5.67 ± 0.1 kcal/h·kg) and maintained by amylin (5.86 ± 0.1 kcal/h·kg) relative to VEH (5.77 ± 0.0 kcal/h·kg). By wk 3, respiratory quotient no longer differed; however, EE increased with amylin treatment (5.74 ± 0.09 kcal/·kg; P &lt; 0.05) relative to VEH (5.49 ± 0.06) and PF (5.38 ± 0.07 kcal/h·kg). Differences in EE, attributed to differences in lean mass, argued against specific amylin-induced thermogenesis. Weight loss in amylin and pair-fed rats was accompanied by similar increases arcuate neuropeptide Y mRNA (P &lt; 0.05). Amylin treatment, but not PF, increased proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels (P &lt; 0.05 vs. VEH). In a rodent model of obesity, amylin reduced body weight and body fat, with relative preservation of lean tissue, through anorexigenic and specific metabolic effects.

scholarly journals Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity in Recovering Malnourished Infants

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Rising ◽  
Gul Tiryaki Sonmez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Metabolic Data

Background. Malnourished infants are small for age and weight.Objectives. Determine profiles in 24-hour energy metabolism in recovering malnourished infants and compare to similarly aged healthy controls.Methods. 10 malnourished infants (58.1±5.9 cm,7.7±5.6months) were healthy prior to spending 22 hours in the Enhanced Metabolic Testing Activity Chamber for measurement of EE (kcal/min), sleeping metabolic rate (SMR; kcal/min), respiratory quotient (RQ;VCO2/VO2), and physical activity (PA; oscillations in wt/min/kg body weight). Metabolic data were extrapolated to 24 hours (kcal/kg/d). Energy intake (kcal/kg/d) and the proportions (%) of carbohydrate, protein, and fat were calculated. Anthropometrics for malnourished infants were obtained. Statistical differences (P<.05) between groups were determined (SPSS, version 13).Results. In comparison to controls, malnourished infants were lighter (4.1±1.2versus7.3±0.8 kg;P<.05), had less body fat % (10.3±7.6versus25.7±2.5), and lower BMI (12.0±1.7versus15.5±1.5;P<.05). In contrast, they had greater energy intake (142.7±14.6versus85.1±25.8;P<.05) with a greater percentage of carbohydrates (55.1±3.9versus47.2±5.2;P<.05). However, malnourished infants had greater 24-hour EE (101.3±20.1versus78.6±8.4;P<.05), SMR (92.6±17.1versus65.0±3.9;P<.05), and RQ (1.00±0.13versus0.86±0.08;P<.05) along with a lower amount of PA (2.3±0.94versus4.0±1.5;P<.05).Conclusions. Malnourished infants require more energy, possibly for growth.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document