Autoimmune thyroid disease

2011 ◽  
pp. 416-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Weetman
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Slow Progression ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Autoimmune Conditions ◽  
Progression Of Disease ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Ease Of Access

Along with neoplasia, autoimmunity is the most common cause of endocrine disease and, of this group of disorders, thyroid autoimmunity is the most frequent. Conversely, the autoimmune thyroid diseases are the most common organ-specific or nonorgan-specific autoimmune conditions affecting any site. This prevalence, the ease of access to the target organ, the often slow progression of disease, and the historical legacy of being the first distinctive autoimmune process to be defined, have ensured that there is now a reasonable understanding of the main factors involved in pathogenesis. This chapter assumes a basic knowledge of immunology; readers unfamiliar with this topic can obtain further details about the fundamental processes involved in self/non-self discrimination by the immune system elsewhere (1).

scholarly journals Precision Medicine in Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Hypothyroidism

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Martina Ferrari ◽  
Francesca Ragusa ◽  
Giusy Elia ◽  
Sabrina Rosaria Paparo ◽  
Valeria Mazzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Liquid Solution ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
And Function

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are T-cell-mediated organ specific autoimmune disorders, deriving from an altered response of the immune system that leads to the immune attack to the thyroid. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD) are the two principal AITD clinical presentations. Hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis are, respectively, the clinical hallmarks of HT and GD. Patients with autoimmune thyroiditis are treated daily with synthetic L-thyroxine (L-T4) at the dose of 1.5–1.7 μg/kg. Various L-T4 formulations are commercially available (tablet, liquid solution, or soft gel capsule). L-T4 in tablets is generally prescribed to treat hypothyroidism, whereas the liquid formulation, or soft gel capsules, can be administered in hypothyroid patients in case of malabsorption or in patients in therapy with drugs interfering with L-T4 absorption. Furthermore, myoinositol has a crucial role in thyroid autoimmunity and function. Clinical studies reported a significant decline in TSH and antithyroid autoantibodies levels after treatment with myoinositol + selenium in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis. Moreover, thyroidectomy can be rarely recommended in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, with cosmetic reasons for a goiter, or with important signs or symptoms of local compression, or nodular disease with a “suspicious” cytology for malignancy. Furthermore, a recent randomized trial suggested that total thyroidectomy can improve quality of life and fatigue, while medical therapy did not. In this review, we overview currently available evidence in personalized medicine in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis and hypothyroidism. Further research is needed in larger population to investigate the effect of these new treatments on quality of life.

scholarly journals Safety of Aesthetic Medicine Procedures in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: A Literature Review

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Kamil Adamczyk ◽  
Ewa Rusyan ◽  
Edward Franek
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Fat Grafting ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Aesthetic Medicine ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Safety Studies ◽  
Potential Possibility

Autoimmune thyroid diseases are the most common organ-specific autoimmune diseases, affecting 2–5% of the world’s population. Due to the autoimmune background of thyroid diseases, we analyzed a wide range of cosmetic procedures, from minimally invasive cosmetic injections (mesotherapy) to highly invasive procedures, such as lifting threads. Out of the seven categories of treatments in aesthetic medicine analyzed by us—hyaluronic acid, botulinum toxin, autologous platelet-rich plasma, autologous fat grafting, lifting threads, IPL and laser treatment and mesotherapy—only two, mesotherapy and lifting threads, are not recommended. This is due to the lack of safety studies and the potential possibility of a higher frequency of side effects in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases.

scholarly journals Autoimmune thyroid disease and other non-endocrine autoimmune diseases

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 183-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Todorovic-Djilas ◽  
Tijana Icin ◽  
Jovanka Novakovic-Paro ◽  
Ivana Bajkin
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
The Body ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Organ Specific

Introduction, Autoimmune diseases are chronic conditions initiated by the loss of immunological tolerance to self-antigens. They constitute heterogeneous group of disorders, in which multiple alterations in the immune system result in a spectrum of syndromes that either target specific organs or affect the body systematically. Recent epidemiological studies have shown a possible shift of one autoimmune disease to another or the fact that more than one autoimmune disease may coexist in a single patient or in the same family. Numerous autoimmune diseases have been shown to coexist frequently with thyroid autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune thyroid disease and other organ specific non-endocrine autoimmune diseases. This part of the study reviews the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease coexisting with: pernicious anaemia, vitiligo, celiac disease, autoimmune liver disease, miastenia gravis, alopecia areata and sclerosis multiplex, and several recommendations for screening have been given. Autoimmune thyroid disease and other organ non-specific non-endocrine autoimmune diseases. Special attention is given to the correlation between autoimmune thyroid disease and rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, syndrome Sj?gren, systemic sclerosis and mixed connective tissue disease. Conclusions. Screening for autoimmune thyroid diseases should be recommended in everyday clinical practice, in patients with primary organ-specific or organ non-specific autoimmune disease. Other?wise, in patients with primary thyroid autoimmune disease, there is no good reason of seeking for all other autoimmune diseases, although these patients have a greater risk of developing other autoimmune disease. Economic aspects of medicine require further analyzing of these data, from cost/benefit point of view to justified either mandatory screening or medical practitioner judgment.

scholarly journals High Prevalence of Antinuclear Antibodies in Children with Thyroid Autoimmunity

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Segni ◽  
Ida Pucarelli ◽  
Simona Truglia ◽  
Ilaria Turriziani ◽  
Chiara Serafinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Antinuclear Antibodies ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid

Background. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are a hallmark of many autoimmune diseases and can be detected many years before disease onset. Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are frequently associated with other organ- and non-organ-specific autoimmune disorders.Objectives. To assess the prevalence of ANA in pediatric patients with AITD and their clinical correlations.Methods. Ninety-three consecutive pediatric patients with AITD were enrolled (86 children with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and 7 with Graves’ disease). ANA, anti-double DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies, anti-extractable nuclear antigen (anti-ENA), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP), and rheumatoid factor (RF) was obtained. Signs and symptoms potentially related to rheumatic diseases in children were investigated by a questionnaire.Results. ANA positivity was found in 66/93 children (71%), anti-ENA in 4/93 (4.3%), anti-dsDNA in 1/93 (1.1%), RF in 3/93 (3.2%), and anti-CCP in none. No significant differences were found between the ANA-positive and ANA-negative groups with respect to age, sex, L-thyroxine treatment, or prevalence of other autoimmune diseases. Overall, parental autoimmunity was found in 23%.Conclusions. ANA positivity was demonstrated in 71% of children with AITD. ANA positivity was not related to overt immune-rheumatic diseases. However, because the positivity of ANA can occur even many years before the onset of systemic autoimmune diseases, prospective studies are warranted.

scholarly journals Immunological Mechanisms of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: A Shift in The Traditional TH1/TH2 Paradigm

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Tatjana Zaķe ◽  
Sandra Skuja ◽  
Aivars Lejnieks ◽  
Valērija Groma ◽  
Ilze Konrāde
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Response ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Th17 Lymphocytes ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Thyroid Autoantigens ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) mainly include Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD), which are characterised by the presence of circulating antibodies against various thyroid autoantigens and infiltration of the thyroid gland by autoreactive lymphocytes. Despite the significant advancement in the knowledge of AITD pathogenesis in the last decade, the specific immunological mechanisms responsible for development of the disease are not thoroughly understood. Classically, HT has long been considered as a T helper (Th)1-mediated disease, while a Th2-driven autoimmune response is dominant for GD development. However, this classification has changed due to the description of Th17 lymphocytes, which suggested participation of these cells in AITD, particularly HT pathogenesis. Moreover, a shift in the balance between Th17 and T regulatory (Treg) cells has been observed in thyroid autoimmunity. We have observed overexpression of IL-17, the prominent effector cytokine of Th17, within thyroid tissues from HT and GD patients in our studies. The present review will focus on recent data regarding the role of Treg and Th17 lymphocytes in AITD pathogenesis. In addition, the impact and proposed mechanisms of the predominant environmental factors triggering the autoimmune response to the thyroid will be discussed.

scholarly journals The Human Microbiota in Endocrinology: Implications for Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Prognosis in Thyroid Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Docimo ◽  
Angelo Cangiano ◽  
Roberto Maria Romano ◽  
Marcello Filograna Pignatelli ◽  
Chiara Offi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Human Microbiota ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Benign Nodules ◽  
The Impact

The human microbiota is an integral component in the maintenance of health and of the immune system. Microbiome-wide association studies have found numerous diseases associated to dysbiosis. Studies are needed to move beyond correlations and begin to address causation. Autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATD) are one of the most common organ-specific autoimmune disorders with an increasing prevalence, higher than 5% worldwide. Most frequent manifestations of ATD are Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease. The exact etiology of ATD remains unknown. Until now it is not clear whether bacterial infections can trigger ATD or modulate the efficacy of treatment and prognosis. The aim of our review is to characterize the microbiota and in ATD and to evaluate the impact of dysbiosis on treatment and prognosis. Moreover, variation of gut microbiome has been associated with thyroid cancer and benign nodules. Here we will characterize the microbioma in benign thyroid nodules, and papillary thyroid cancer to evaluate their implications in the pathophysiology and progression.

scholarly journals Impact of Abdominal Obesity on Thyroid Auto-Antibody Positivity: Abdominal Obesity Can Enhance the Risk of Thyroid Autoimmunity in Men

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Jazyra Zynat ◽  
Suli Li ◽  
Yanrong Ma ◽  
Li Han ◽  
Fuhui Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Hip Circumference ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Logistic Analysis

Background. The interrelation between obesity and autoimmune thyroid diseases is complex and has not been confirmed. The aim of the present study was to observe the relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and obesity, especially abdominal obesity, in a large population. Methods. A total of 2253 residents who had lived in Xinjiang for more than 3 years were enrolled. Serum thyroid hormone concentration, thyroid autoantibodies, lipid parameters, Weight, height, and waist and hip circumference were measured. Results. The prevalence of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and/or thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) positive was 32.1% (21.2% in men and 37% in women, P<0.01). Compared with women, men had significantly higher TG levels, waist circumference, and hip circumference levels (P<0.01), while women showed higher TSH, TPOAb, and TgAb levels (P<0.01). The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 71.1% in men and 63.5% in women. Men had a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity than women (56.6% in men and 47.6% in women, P<0.01). TPOAb correlates positively with waist circumference (r = 0.100, P<0.05) in men. Binary logistic analysis showed that TPOAb positivity had increased risks of abdominal obesity in men, and the OR was 1.1044 (95% CI 1.035, 1.151, P<0.05). Conclusion. Our results indicate that men had higher lipid levels, thicker waist circumference, and higher prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity. Abdominal obesity is a risk factor for TPOAb positivity in men, suggesting that abdominal obesity can enhance the risk of thyroid autoimmunity in men.

scholarly journals TGF-β Physiology as a Novel Therapeutic Target Regarding Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: Where Do We Stand and What to Expect

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 621
Author(s):  
Efstratios Kardalas ◽  
Spyridoula Maraka ◽  
Maria Papagianni ◽  
George Paltoglou ◽  
Charalampos Siristatidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Activation Pathways ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), as a master regulator of immune response, is deeply implicated in the complex pathophysiology and development of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Based on the close interplay between thyroid autoimmunity and TGF-β, scientific interest was shifted to the understanding of the possible role of this molecule regarding the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of these diseases. The main aim of this review is to present research data about possible treatment options based on the role of TGF-β in thyroid autoimmunity. Suggested TGF-β-mediated therapeutic strategies regarding autoimmune thyroid diseases include either the enhancement of its immunosuppressive role or inhibition of its facilitatory role in thyroid autoimmunity. For example, the application of hr-TGF-β can be used to bolster the inhibitory role of TGF-β regarding the development of thyroid diseases, whereas anti-TGF-β antibodies and similar molecules could impede its immune-promoting effects by blocking different levels of TGF-β biosynthesis and activation pathways. In conclusion, TGF-β could evolve to a promising, novel therapeutic tool for thyroid autoimmunity.

scholarly journals A study of thyroid profile abnormalities in vitiligo patients in tertiary care center of South India, in Telangana

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Sushmalatha B.
Keyword(s):  
South India ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Male Ratio ◽  
Autoimmune Conditions ◽  
Thyroid Profile ◽  
Thyroid Abnormalities

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Several autoimmune conditions are associated with vitiligo. But thyroid is most common cause. We under took the study for the incidence of association of thyroid abnormalities involving in patients of vitiligo. The present study is conducted to know the incidence of thyroid profile abnormalities in various morphological forms of vitiligo.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The present study was conducted on 53 patients of clinically diagnosed cases of vitiligo in the outpatients department of DVL of Mamata General Hospital for a period of 1 year 2018 January to 2019 January. 53 patients of age sex matched patients with other dermatosis excluding vitiligo are randomly designed as controls. Investigations were carried out in all patients of vitiligo like routine, specific like thyroid profile (T3, T4, TSH profile).<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The presence study showing female to male ratio is 1:3:1 thyroid function abnormalities found in 33.96% of patients compared to 7.54% controls.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> In present study has shown that autoimmune thyroid diseases both in the form of hypothyroid, hyper thyroidism are frequently associated with vitiligo patients.</p>

The Detection of Serum IgMs to Thyroglobulin in Subacute Thyroiditis Suggests a Protective Role of IgMs in Thyroid Autoimmunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. e2261-e2270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debora Ricci ◽  
Alessandro Brancatella ◽  
Michele Marinò ◽  
Mario Rotondi ◽  
Luca Chiovato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Subacute Thyroiditis ◽  
Autoimmune Response ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid

Abstract Context The role of serum immunoglobulin (Ig)Ms in autoimmune thyroid diseases is uncertain. Objective We looked for IgMs to thyroglobulin (Tg) in patients with subacute thyroiditis (SAT), which is characterized by high serum Tg levels, the possible de novo appearance of IgGs to Tg (TgAb-IgGs), and no autoimmune sequelae. Main Outcome Measures TgAb-IgMs and TgAb-IgGs were detected by binding to Tg using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The upper reference limit of TgAb-IgMs and TgAb-IgGs was established in 40 normal subjects. We looked for TgAb-IgMs in 16 patients with SAT, 11 with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), and 8 with Graves’ disease (GD) who were all positive for TgAb-IgGs. IgM binding to bovine serum albumin (BSA), keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), and glucagon in ELISA was measured. Inhibition of TgAb-IgMs binding to coated Tg was evaluated by preincubating serum samples or IgG-depleted samples with soluble Tg. Results TgAb-IgMs were positive in 10/16 patients with SAT, 2/11 with HT, and 1/8 with GD. TgAb-IgMs were higher in SAT (0.95; 0.42–1.13) (median; 25th–75th percentiles) than in HT (0.47; 0.45–0.51) and GD patients (0.35; 0.33–0.40) (P &lt; .005 for both). IgM binding of SAT sera to BSA, KLH, and glucagon was significantly lower than Tg. Preincubation with soluble Tg reduced the binding of IgMs to coated Tg by 18.2% for serum samples and by 35.0% and 42.1% for 2 IgG-depleted samples. TgAb-IgM levels were inversely, although nonsignificantly, correlated with Tg concentrations. Conclusions Tg leak associated with thyroid injury induces the production of specific TgAb-IgMs, which, in turn, increases the clearance of Tg and might prevent the establishment of a persistent thyroid autoimmune response.

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