Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections

2014 ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Joel T. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Bronchitis ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Clinical Predictors ◽  
Cough Variant Asthma ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Chest Auscultation ◽  
Tract Infections

Respiratory symptoms are among the most frequent reasons for patients to seek medical attention. Seventy percent of patients presenting with a new cough will be diagnosed with acute bronchitis. Other common causes of a new cough include pneumonia, cough-variant asthma, congestive heart failure, rhinosinusitis, and aspiration of oral contents. Among patients presenting to their primary care provider with a cough, clinical predictors of the 10–15% who will have pneumonia are advanced patient age (OR 4.6), shortness of breath (2.4), fever (5.5), tachycardia (3.8), and localizing chest auscultation findings such as focal respiratory crackles (23.8) or rhonchi (14.6). The etiology, prognosis, and treatment of these major respiratory tract infections are vastly different and are reviewed in this chapter.

scholarly journals Prevalence of gastroenteritis among 4-year-old children in South Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. HEYWORTH ◽  
P. BAGHURST ◽  
K. A. McCAUL
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
School Health ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of gastroenteritis among children aged 4 years in South Australia. A cross-sectional survey of 9543 South Australian children aged 4 years was undertaken. Parents completed a questionnaire on behalf of their child who had attended a pre-school health check in 1998. The questionnaire covered gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms experienced by the child in the previous 2 weeks and other risk factors for gastroenteritis. The 2-week prevalence of gastroenteritis among 4-year-old children was 14·2%. The major risk factors for gastroenteritis were presence of persons who had gastroenteritis inside the home, contact with persons who had gastroenteritis outside the home, antibiotic use and sore throat. Medical attention was sought for 20% of children who had gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis is a significant cause of morbidity among young children and presents a considerable burden on the community. A substantial proportion of these occurrences of highly credible gastrointestinal symptoms may be manifestations of respiratory infections.

scholarly journals Place of combination drugs in the therapy of acute bronchitis in children

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
N. G. Kolosova ◽  
I. V. Grebeneva ◽  
V. D. Denisova ◽  
E. M. Maksimova
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Bronchitis ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Human Bocavirus ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Nonproductive Cough ◽  
Combination Drugs ◽  
Tract Infections

Acute respiratory tract infections accompanied by cough play a significant role in respiratory pathology in childhood. The incidence of acute respiratory infections among children is 4–5 times higher than among the adult population and accounts for more than 90% of all infectious and parasitic diseases registered in Russia. The highest rates of acute respiratory infections are observed among children of preschool age, especially in the first three years of life. As in adults, children’s cough, described as a symptom of «upper respiratory infection» or «acute bronchitis», is the most commonly diagnosed acute manifestation in primary care. These 2 diagnoses represent 75% of all cough cases. The most common etiological agents in acute bronchitis are respiratory viruses: adenovirus, influenza viruses and parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, human Bocavirus, Coxsackievirus, herpes simplex virus, etc. Drug therapy for coughing is prescribed when there is a nonproductive cough that does not perform its protective function, meaning it does not contribute to the purification of the respiratory tract, and is aimed at dilution of sputum, reducing its adhesiveness (viscosity) and thus increase the effectiveness of coughing. The main groups of mucoactive drugs that are usually considered in this case are mucolytics, mucoregulators, mucokinetics, expectorants, and combination drugs. Combination drugs created to eliminate various elements of pathogenesis of respiratory diseases, accompanied by a nonproductive cough and bronchoobstruction, deserve close attention due to the possibility of using several active substances in fixed drug combinations with accurate dosages and proven clinical effectiveness, reducing the number of simultaneously taken drugs, reducing the risk of developing undesirable events. Oral administration of combined medicines becomes especially important in conditions when inhalation therapy is impossible.

Pneumonia and respiratory tract infections

2017 ◽  
pp. 621-628
Author(s):  
Adamantia Liapikou ◽  
Antoni Torres
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Acute Bronchitis ◽  
Altered Mental Status ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Poor Functional Status ◽  
Tract Infections

Acute lower respiratory infections, such as acute bronchitis and pneumonia, are a leading cause of death worldwide and a primary source of morbidity and mortality in older adults. Clinically, elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia often have non-specific clinical symptoms, altered mental status, or subtle functional decline, making an accurate diagnosis and early antimicrobial treatment difficult, and further worsening the prognosis. Older frail patients living in nursing homes have a high frequency of aspiration pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacilli and anaerobic pathogens. Over the last few years there has been a controversy over whether the higher mortality of pneumonia is due to inappropriate therapy or the poor functional status of these patients. Prevention strategies of respiratory infections in older people include the prevention and management of aspiration, reduction in the use of neuroleptic medication, influenza vaccination, and possibly the use of the newer antiviral drugs.

scholarly journals Outpatient Management of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children

2021 ◽  
pp. 363-370
Author(s):  
Radima A. Mukozheva ◽  
Tatyana V. Kulichenko ◽  
Tatyana V. Vilchanskaya ◽  
Mariya A. Lazareva ◽  
Olga V. Romanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Antibacterial Therapy ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Bronchitis ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Outpatient Clinics ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Tract Infections

Background. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most crucial problems in human health care worldwide. The main cause of this crisis is the excessive and misuse of antibacterial drugs (ADs). The highest rate of improper antibiotics' prescriptions in pediatric practice is observed at treatment of respiratory tract infections in outpatient clinics. Objective. The aim of the study is to analyze the clinical practice of management of patients with acute respiratory infections (ARI) and the use of ADs in children's outpatient clinics across the regions of Russian Federation. Methods. Multicenter retrospective study was conducted. All ARI cases documented in 969 medical records (form 112/y) of children born in 2015–2017 yy. in 16 regions of Russian Federation (selected randomly) were analyzed. Results. Acute viral infection was diagnosed in 79.6% cases of referencing to doctor with ARI symptoms. Systemic ADs were prescribed in 23% cases of ARI. Antibacterial therapy was received by 14% of children diagnosed with acute respiratory viral infection, 35% with acute laryngotracheitis, 80% with acute bronchitis, 76% with acute rhinosinusitis, 94% with ARI associated with otitis media, 52% with tonsillopharyngitis, and 100% with community-acquired pneumonia. Amoxicillin (35%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (24%), azithromycin (20.2%) were prescribed most often. Parenteral administration of ADs was prescribed in 3.9% of cases, mostly for children with community-acquired pneumonia. Prescribed antibacterial therapy was unreasonable in 84% of analyzed cases. Polypragmasy occurred in 50.5% of cases. Clinical protocols violations were mostly common for management of patients with laryngotracheitis and tonsillopharyngitis. Conclusion. There is favorable trend towards the decrease in ADs prescribing frequency in outpatient clinics for children with ARI. Thus, polypragmasy and irrational choice of antibacterial therapy frequency remains quite high.

scholarly journals A randomized controlled trial of zinc supplementation in the treatment of acute respiratory tract infection in Thai children

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanguansak Rerksuppaphol ◽  
Lakkana Rerksuppaphol
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Zinc Supplementation ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Acute Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
To Receive

Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (ALRI) are one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in young children. Zinc supplementation has been shown to have a preventive effect against respiratory infections, but little evidence is available on its effect on the treatment of ALRI. This study examined the effect of zinc supplementation on the treatment outcome in children that were hospitalized with ALRI. A randomized, doubleblinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 64 hospitalized children with ALRI, who were aged between 2 and 60 months. Children were randomly allocated to receive zinc (30 mg elemental zinc/day) or placebo. The primary outcome was the time to the cessation of ALRI, while the secondary outcomes were the length of the stay in hospital and the individual features of the disease. The study found that ALRI cessation was faster in children who received zinc supplementation (median (IQR): 3 (2-4) days and 4 (3-5) days, respectively; P=0.008), and that their hospital stay was shorter (mean (SD): 3.8 (1.3) days and 6.1 (3.2) days, respectively; P<0.001) than the placebo group. Zinc supplementation was well-tolerated, and no adverse events were reported. In conclusion, zinc supplementation reduced the number of days of ALRI in Thai children, as well as their stay in hospital.

DNA Virome: Sequencing and Data Analysis of Viral Metagenome of Poultry Suffering from Respiratory Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manisha R. Sajnani ◽  
D. Sudarsanam ◽  
Subhash J. Jakhesara ◽  
Siddhardha Solosanc, ◽  
Chaitanya G. Joshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Commercial Broiler ◽  
Poultry Flock ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Taking Action

Respiratory diseases are the most common causes of death in a poultry flock. Knowledge of the avian respiratory system is essential for developing a health monitoring plan for a poultry flock, recognizing problems that may occur, and taking action to correct them. Recently, respiratory diseases in commercial broiler chicken flocks have increased in India and no significant cause has been identified till date. Viral populations are predominant in respiratory tract infections and they cause severe economic loss through decreased productivity. We performed shotgun sequencing approach to understand viruses associated with or causing respiratory infections (RI) in broilers. We report high quality sequencing reads, de novo assembled sequences, taxonomical as well as functional classifications of virome of the infected broiler birds.

An assessment of the effect of statin use on the incidence of acute respiratory infections in England during winters 1998–1999 to 2005–2006

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (9) ◽  
pp. 1281-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. FLEMING ◽  
N. Q. VERLANDER ◽  
A. J. ELLIOT ◽  
H. ZHAO ◽  
D. GELB ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Bronchitis ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Influenza Pandemics ◽  
Primary Care Data ◽  
Chronic Morbidity ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Statin Use

SUMMARYStatins reduce cardiovascular mortality and related risks associated with pneumonia suggesting potentially beneficial use in influenza pandemics. We investigated the effect of current statin use on acute respiratory infections in primary care. Data from anonymized electronic medical records of persons aged ⩾45 years were examined for statin use, chronic morbidity, respiratory diagnoses, vaccination procedures, and immune suppression. Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for statin users vs. non-users in respiratory infection outcomes. A total of 329 881 person-year observations included 18% statin users and 46% influenza vaccinees. Adjusted ORs for statin users vs. non-users were: influenza-like illness, 1·05 (95% CI 0·92–1·20); acute bronchitis, 1·08 (95% CI 1·01–1·15); pneumonia, 0·91 (95% CI 0·73–1·13); all acute respiratory infections, 1·03 (95% CI 0·98–1·07); and urinary tract infections, 0·91 (95% CI 0·85–0·98). We found no benefit in respiratory infection outcomes attributable to statin use, although uniformly higher ORs in non-vaccinated statin users might suggest synergism between statins and influenza vaccination.

scholarly journals Respiratory infections in children: an appropriateness study of when parents should home care or seek medical help

2020 ◽  
pp. bjgp20X713933
Author(s):  
Louise Newbould ◽  
Stephen M Campbell ◽  
George Edwards ◽  
Rebecca L Morris ◽  
Gail Hayward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Home Care ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Runny Nose ◽  
Secondary Health Care ◽  
Conscious Level ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Tract Infections

BackgroundChildren with respiratory tract infections (RTIs) use more primary care appointments than any other group, but many parents are unsure if, and when, they should seek medical help and report that existing guidance is unclear.AimTo develop symptom-based criteria to support parental medical help seeking for children with RTIs.Design and settingA research and development/University of California Los Angeles (RAND/UCLA) appropriateness study to obtain consensus on children’s RTI symptoms appropriate for home, primary, or secondary health care in the UK.MethodA multidisciplinary panel of 12 healthcare professionals — six GPs, two pharmacists, two NHS 111 nurses, and two emergency paediatric consultants — rated the appropriateness of care setting for 1134 scenarios in children aged >12 months.ResultsPanellists agreed that home care would be appropriate for children with ≤1 week of ‘normal’ infection symptoms (cough, sore throat, ear pain, and/or runny nose, with or without eating adequately and normal conscious level). The presence of ≥2 additional symptoms generally indicated the need for a same-day GP consultation, as did the presence of shortness of breath. Assessment in the emergency department was considered appropriate when ≥3 symptoms were present and included shortness of breath or wheezing.ConclusionThe authors have defined the RTI symptoms that parents might regard as ‘normal’ and therefore suitable for care at home. These results could help parents decide when to home care and when to seek medical help for children with RTIs.

scholarly journals Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Primary Care, Review Article

2021 ◽  
pp. 419-425
Author(s):  
Faisal Suliman Algaows ◽  
Bader Abdulwahab N. Alamer ◽  
Mohammed Abdulhafith R. Alotaibi ◽  
Zahra Nasser A. Aljubran ◽  
Bassam Zaal Hammad Alshammary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Bronchitis ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Any infectious illness of the upper or lower respiratory tract is classified as a respiratory tract infection (RTI). Acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and tracheitis are examples of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). The most prevalent cause of death from lower respiratory infections is pneumococcal pneumonia. Pneumonia is a major cause of death globally. new advances in pneumonia diagnosis and treatment have been made, identification of new pathogens as well as the development of newer therapeutic agents like fluoroquinolones, macrolides, streptogramins, oxazolidinones, and –actam antibiotics. Despite these advancements, respiratory tract infections continue to be a challenge in both the diagnostic and therapeutic domains. Because detecting and treating pneumonia may be difficult, a number of professional organizations have created treatment recommendations. In this review we’ll be looking at LRTIs and pneumonia epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis and treatment.

Prevalence of COVID-19-like Symptoms among People Living with HIV, and Using Antiretroviral Therapy for Prevention and Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 373-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi ◽  
Maryam Ghadimi ◽  
Mahboubeh Hajiabdolbaghi ◽  
Mehrnaz Rasoolinejad ◽  
Ladan Abbasian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Living With Hiv

Background: COVID-19 has spread globally with remarkable speed, and currently, there is limited data available exploring any aspect of the intersection between HIV and SARSCoV- 2 co-infection. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of clinical symptoms associated with COVID-19 among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Tehran, Iran. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: A total of 200 PLWH were recruited through the positive club via sampling, and completed the symptom-based questionnaire for COVID-19, which was delivered by trained peers. Results: Of 200 participants, respiratory symptoms, including cough, sputum, and shortness of breath, were the most prevalent among participants, but only one person developed symptoms collectively suggested COVID-19 and sought treatments. Conclusions: It appears that existing infection with HIV or receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) might reduce the susceptibility to the infection with SARS-CoV-2 or decrease the severity of the infection acquired. Further research is needed to understand causal mechanisms.

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