Drug Use in Prisoners

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Future Research ◽  
People Who Use Drugs ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Policy

The majority of people who experience incarceration have a history of harmful alcohol, tobacco, and/or illicit drug use. Some discontinue use of these substances while in custody. Others—notably including some people who inject drugs—continue to use drugs in prison, typically in avoidably high-risk circumstances. Rapid relapse to risky substance use after release from prison is common and is associated with a range of health and social problems, and increased risk of both death and reincarceration. Effective measures to reduce the incarceration of people who use drugs, and to minimize drug-related harms both in prison and after release from custody, are urgently required. However, the evidence base to inform effective responses remains weak, and implementation of evidence-based responses remains patchy. Drawing on the expertise of 40 authors from 10 countries, this book reviews what is known about the epidemiology of substance use in people who experience incarceration. It presents what is known about the health, social, and criminal justice consequences of harmful substance use in this population and discusses key policy reforms that have the potential to achieve better health outcomes. In addition to reviewing what is known, the book identifies key knowledge gaps and makes recommendations for future research.

Does the Presence of On-Site Medical Services at Outdoor Music Festivals Affect Attendees’ Planned Alcohol and Recreational Drug Use?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Alison Hutton ◽  
Matthew Brendan Munn ◽  
Sydney White ◽  
Peter Kara ◽  
Jamie Ranse
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Recreational Drug ◽  
Recreational Drugs ◽  
Mandatory Requirement ◽  
Recreational Drug Use

Abstract Background: Dedicated on-site medical services have long been recommended to improve health outcomes at mass-gathering events (MGEs). In many countries, they are being reviewed as a mandatory requirement. While it is known that perceptions of risk shape substance use plans amongst outdoor music festival (OMF) attendees, it is unclear if attendees perceive the presence of on-site medical services as a part of the safety net. The aim of this paper is to better understand whether attendees’ perceptions of on-site medical services influence high-risk behaviors like alcohol and recreational drug use at OMFs. Method: A questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of attendees entering and attending two separate 20,000-person OMFs; one in Canada (Festival A) and one in New Zealand (Festival B). Responses focused on demographics, planned alcohol and recreational drug use, perceptions of medical services, and whether the absence of medical services would impact attendees’ planned substance use. Results: A total of 851 (587 and 264 attendees for Festival A and Festival B, respectively) attendees consented and participated. Gender distribution was equal and average ages were 23 to 25. At Festival A, 48% and 89% planned to use alcohol and recreational drugs, respectively, whereas at Festival B, it was 92% and 44%. A great majority were aware and supportive of the presence of medical services at both festivals, and a moderate number considered them a factor in attendance and something they would not attend without. There was significant (>10%) agreement (range 11%-46%; or 2,200-9,200 attendees for a 20,000-person festival) at both festivals that the absence of medical services would affect attendees’ planned use of alcohol and recreational drugs. Conclusions: This study found that attendees surveyed at two geographically and musically distinct OMFs had high but differing rates of planned alcohol and recreational drug use, and that the presence of on-site medical services may impact attendees’ perceptions of substance use risk. Future research will aim to address the limitations of this study to clarify these findings and their implications.

scholarly journals Patients with infective endocarditis and history of injection drug use in a Swedish referral hospital during 10 years

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Damlin ◽  
Katarina Westling
Keyword(s):  
Infective Endocarditis ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
National Registry ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Prosthetic Heart Valves ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Patients with injection drug use (IDU) have increased risk of developing infective endocarditis (IE). Previous studies have reported recurrent IE, increased duration of hospital stay, poor adherence and compliance as well as higher mortality and worse outcomes after surgery in the IDU-IE patient group. Further studies are needed to provide a basis for optimized care and prevention of readmissions in this population. This study aims to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes among patients with IDU-IE. Methods Data of adults with IDU-IE and non-IDU-IE, treated between 2008 and 2017 at the Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm were obtained from the Swedish National Registry of Infective Endocarditis. Clinical characteristics, microbiological results, treatment durations, results from echocardiography and in-hospital mortality were compared between the groups. Results Of the total 522 patients, 165 (32%) had IDU-IE. Patients with IDU-IE were younger than the patients with non-IDU-IE (mean age IDU-IE: 41.6 years, SD 11.9 years; non-IDU-IE: 64.3 years, SD 16.4 years; P <  0.01). No difference in distribution of gender was observed, 33% were females in both the IDU-IE and the non-IDU-IE group. History of previous IE (IDU-IE: n = 49, 30%; non-IDU-IE: n = 34, 10%; P <  0.01) and vascular phenomena (IDU-IE: n = 101, 61%; non-IDU-IE: n = 120, 34%; P <  0.01) were more common among patients with IDU-IE while prosthetic heart valves (IDU-IE: n = 12, 7%; non-IDU-IE: n = 83, 23%; P <  0.01) and known valvular disease (IDU-IE: n = 3, 2%; non-IDU-IE: n = 78, 22%; P <  0.01) were more common among patients with non-IDU-IE. Aetiology of Staphylococcus aureus (IDU-IE: n = 123, 75%; non-IDU-IE: n = 118, 33%; P <  0.01) as well as tricuspid (IDU-IE: n = 91, 55%; non-IDU-IE: n = 23, 6%; P <  0.01) or pulmonary valve vegetations (IDU-IE: n = 7, 4%; non-IDU-IE: n = 2, 1%; P <  0.01) were more common in the IDU-IE group. The overall incidence of IDU-IE decreased during the study period, while the incidence of definite IE increased (P <  0.01). Conclusions This study presents that patients with IDU-IE were younger, less frequently treated with surgery and had higher prevalence of vascular phenomena and history of previous IE, aspects that are important for improved management of this population.

Abstract 228: National Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders Among Hospitalized Heart Failure Patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah C Snow ◽  
Gregg C Fonarow ◽  
Joseph A Ladapo ◽  
Donna L Washington ◽  
Katherine Hoggatt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Native American ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Drug Use Disorders ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Drug Use Disorder

Background: Several cardiotoxic substances contribute to the development of heart failure (HF). The burden of comorbid substance use disorders (SUD) among patients with HF is under-characterized. Objectives: To describe the national burden of comorbid SUD (tobacco, alcohol, or drug use disorders) among hospitalized HF patients in the U.S. Methods: We used data from the 2014 National Inpatient Sample to calculate the proportion of hospitalizations for a primary HF admission with tobacco, alcohol, or drug use disorder diagnoses, accounting for demographic factors. Drug use disorder analysis was further sub-divided into specific illicit substance categories. Results: There were a total of 989,080 HF hospitalizations of which 35.3% (n=348,995) had a documented SUD. Tobacco use disorder (TUD) was most common (n= 327,220, 33.1%) followed by drug use disorder (DUD) (n=34,600, 3.5%) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) (n=34,285, 3.5%). Female sex was associated with less TUD (OR 0.59; 95% CI, 0.58-0.60), AUD (OR 0.23; 95% CI, 0.22-0.25) or DUD (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.55-0.62). Tobacco, alcohol, cocaine, and opioid use disorders were highest among HF patients age 45 to 55, while cannabis and amphetamine use was highest in those <45 years. Native American race (versus White) was associated with increased risk of AUD (OR 1.67; 95% CI 1.27-2.20). Black race was associated with increased risk of AUD (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.02-1.16) or DUD (OR 1.63; 95% CI 1.53-1.74). Medicaid insurance (versus Medicare) was associated with greater TUD (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.23-1.32), AUD (OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.62-1.87), and DUD (OR 2.15; 95% CI 2.01-2.30). Decreasing quartiles of median household income were associated with increasing SUD. Conclusions: Comorbid SUD disproportionately affects certain HF populations, including men, younger age groups, lower SES patients, and race/ethnic minorities. Further research on interventions to improve prevention and treatment of SUD among hospitalized HF patients are needed given the high rates of SUD in this population. Systematically screening hospitalized HF patients for SUD may reveal opportunities for treatment and secondary prevention.

scholarly journals Associations between History of Hospitalization for Violence Victimization and Substance-Use Patterns among Adolescents: A 2017 Korean National Representative Survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1543
Author(s):  
Yeji Lee ◽  
Kang-Sook Lee
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Alcohol And Drug Use ◽  
Violence Victimization ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
History Of ◽  
Victimization Experience

Violence victimization can adversely affect adolescents’ long-term health. Existing research has mainly focused on the link between victimization and substance use; however, the evidence obtained to date has been inconsistent. This study, using a Korean national representative sample, examined the association between violence victimization and substance-use patterns (including tobacco, alcohol, and drug use) in terms of sex and number of violence victimization experiences. We analyzed secondary data from the 2017 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. Chi-squared test analyses and logistic regression analysis were used to examine substance use in terms of violence victimization; additionally, p-values for trends were calculated to reveal the dose-response relationship per number of violence victimization experiences. We consequently found that participants’ rates of tobacco, alcohol, and drug use were higher among those who experienced violence victimization than among those who did not. For each substance-use-related variable, the greater the violence victimization experience, the higher the odds of substance use (p for trend < 0.001). Early intervention may help prevent the development of substance use, especially among adolescents who have experienced violence victimization. Prevention efforts regarding substance abuse and violence prevention should be included in school curricula to effectively prevent adverse health consequences among adolescents.

Cocaine, kicks, and strain: patterns of substance use in Milwaukee gangs

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Hagedorn ◽  
Jose Torres ◽  
Greg Giglio
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Social Control Theory ◽  
Gang Members ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
Differential Association Theory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Family Variables ◽  
Female Gang Members

This study describes the patterns of substance use by male and female gang members in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from their teenage years in the 1980s into adulthood. Milwaukee gangs started out as one form of neighborhood-based drug-using peer group. There was much variation in drug use, and family variables explained little of the variation. Male gang members raised in families with a history of gang involvement and drug use were more likely than other gang members to use cocaine and to use it seriously. On the other hand, severe family distress was not related to onset, duration, or seriousness of cocaine use in either males or females. Cocaine use for both males and females increased in adulthood. It appears that the etiology of adult and adolescent drug use may differ. Neither social control theory nor differential association theory is well suited to explain the variations in gang drug use by age or gender.

Epidemiology

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 2111-2116
Author(s):  
Darae Ko ◽  
Emelia Benjamin
Keyword(s):  
Structural Heart Disease ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Include Family History

Atrial fibrillation (AF) poses a substantial public health burden worldwide. About one in four adults over the age of 40 years are expected to develop AF during their lifetime. The risk for developing AF is higher in men compared to women. Globally, individuals of European ancestry appear to have a higher risk of AF onset than individuals from other racial/ethnic descents. Factors predisposing to AF include family history of AF, standard cardiovascular risk factors, and structural heart disease. Hypertension and obesity explain one-third of AF cases in high-income countries. AF can have devastating consequences including an increased risk of death; cardiovascular complications, such as stroke, systemic thromboembolism, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death; and non-cardiovascular complications, such as chronic kidney disease, cognitive impairment and dementia, and poor quality of life. There are major research opportunities to develop an evidence base to effectively prevent and manage AF and its outcomes.

Drug Use in Prisoners

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart A. Kinner ◽  
Josiah D. Rich
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
People Who Use Drugs ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Correctional Policy ◽  
Preventable Hospitalisation ◽  
Rigorous Research ◽  
Increased Risk

Drug use and crime seem inextricably linked. Law enforcement responses to drug use tend to funnel people who use drugs into the criminal justice system rather than treatment, and those drug users who are imprisoned often have multiple, co-occurring mental health problems and/or suffer from infectious diseases including HIV, hepatitis C, and tuberculosis. Prisons provide a rare but regrettable opportunity to identify and respond to these needs, but correctional policies with respect to drug use and related harms often diverge from the evidence. Where such responses are evidence-based, they are rarely delivered at scale. Drug use in prison remains common and, in the absence of evidence-based harm reduction measures, is high risk. Relapse to drug use after release from prison is normative, such that incarceration can at best be conceived of as an interruption in drug use. People released from prison are at markedly increased risk of drug-related harms including fatal drug overdose and preventable hospitalisation, and are at increased risk of reincarceration. Greater investment in independent, rigorous research on the epidemiology of substance use and related harms in people who cycle through prisons, and a renewed commitment to aligning correctional policy and practice with the evidence, will have measurable benefits for public health, public safety, and the public purse.

No Sex Differences in Risk for Lower-Extremity Musculoskeletal Injury in Concussed Amateur Rugby Players

Neurology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (20 Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S12.1-S12
Author(s):  
Katelyn Costantini ◽  
Katie Hunzinger ◽  
Charles Buz Swanik ◽  
Thomas A. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Musculoskeletal Injury ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ratio Test ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rugby Players

ObjectiveTo examine sex differences between concussion and lower-extremity musculoskeletal injury (LE-MSI) in community male and female rugby players.BackgroundThere is an ∼2x elevated risk of post-concussion subsequent MSI in high school through professional athletes. However, the effect of sex on risk is inconsistent and sparse, and rugby provides an ideal population as it’s the only collision sport with the same rules for both sexes.Design/Methods1,037 rugby players (31.6 + 11.3 years, 59.1% male), with at least one year of rugby playing experience, participated in this study, completing an online injury history questionnaire to ascertain concussion (yes/no) and LE-MSI (yes/no) history. A chi-squared test was performed to determine the association between concussion and any LE-MSI; significant findings were followed up with a post hoc odds ratio test. A binary logistic regression with any LE-MSI (yes/no) as the outcome and concussion (yes/no) and sex (male/female) as predictors was performed to determine if there was a sex by concussion interaction.ResultsThere was a significant association between concussion and any LE-MSI for all groups (Overall: ?(1) =13.06, p < 0.001, OR = 2.30 [95% CI: 1.45–3.65]; Males: ?(1) =7.43 p = 0.006, OR = 2.21 [95% CI: 1.24–3.96]; and Females: ?(1) = 5.78, p = 0.016, OR = 2.48 [95% CI: 1.16–5.31]). However, there were no differences for risk of LE-MSI between males and females (p = 0.99, R2 = 0.024).ConclusionsBoth male and female community rugby players had a 2x greater risk of LE-MSI, given a history of concussion compared to those without a history of concussion, which aligns with previous studies focused on collegiate athletes. However, there was no difference in risk of LE-MSI between sexes, contrary to smaller, but more controlled studies. Future research should investigate the potential physiological mechanisms for increased risk of LE-MSI.

Associations Between Family History of Substance Use, Childhood Trauma, and Age of First Drug Use in Persons With Methamphetamine Dependence

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Svingen ◽  
Rita E. Dykstra ◽  
Jamie L. Simpson ◽  
Anna E. Jaffe ◽  
Rick A. Bevins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Family History ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Methamphetamine Dependence ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Illicit Drug Use and Problem Gambling

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Ferentzy ◽  
W. J. Wayne Skinner ◽  
Flora I. Matheson
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Legal Substances

Problem gambling, substance use disorders, and their cooccurrence are serious public health concerns. We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature to understand the present state of the evidence on these coaddictions. Our main focus was illicit drug use rather than misuse of legal substances. The review covers issues related to gambling as a hidden problem in the illicit drug use community; prevalence, problem gambling, and substance use disorders as kindred afflictions; problem gambling as an addiction similar to illicit drug use; risk factors and problems associated with comorbidity, and gender issues. We end with some suggestions for future research.

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