Oxidative stress and its implications in chronic kidney disease
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced at low levels physiologically and their production conveys signals and has specific functions. Control mechanisms ensure that this does not cause damage. ROS are highly reactive and cytotoxic and are also deliberately produced by inflammatory cells (granulocytes, macrophages) to kill pathogens. If these chemicals are released inappropriately or excessively, or if control mechanisms are under-functioning, bystander or unintended tissue damage may be caused. The concept of oxidative stress is based on the idea that in certain states, commonly inflammatory states, release of oxygen radicals may be excessive, or control mechanisms weakened, so that tissue damage occurs. In CKD, both overproduction and diminished control may apply. No effective therapies acting via these pathways have been established so far though there remain some candidates.