Molecular basis of renal tumour syndromes

Author(s):  
Thomas Connor ◽  
Patrick H. Maxwell

Kidney cancer is among the most common adult malignancy. It accounts for over 3% of all new cases of cancer diagnosed in men and around 2% of all cancers in women in the United Kingdom. In the United States, 1 in 75 people will develop renal cancer in their lifetime and approximately one-third will have metastatic disease at presentation. Kidney cancer has a notoriously poor response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but treatment has evolved significantly in the past 10 years. Key to these recent developments in therapy has been a revolution in our understanding of the molecular basis of the renal tumour syndromes which are described in this chapter. Two to three per cent of cases of renal cancer are recognized as due to these syndromes, but they are likely to be recurrent, and to occur in other family members. Seven genes are currently implicated in these syndromes.

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 901-910
Author(s):  
Robert E. Goodin ◽  
James Mahmud Rice

Judging from Gallup Polls in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, opinion often changes during an election campaign. Come election day itself, however, opinion often reverts back nearer to where it was before the campaign began. That that happens even in Australia, where voting is compulsory and turnout is near-universal, suggests that differential turnout among those who have and have not been influenced by the campaign is not the whole story. Inspection of individual-level panel data from 1987 and 2005 British General Elections confirms that between 3 and 5 percent of voters switch voting intentions during the campaign, only to switch back toward their original intentions on election day. One explanation, we suggest, is that people become more responsible when stepping into the poll booth: when voting they reflect back on the government's whole time in office, rather than just responding (as when talking to pollsters) to the noise of the past few days' campaigning. Inspection of Gallup Polls for UK snap elections suggests that this effect is even stronger in elections that were in that sense unanticipated.


2008 ◽  
Vol 204 ◽  
pp. 4-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Weale

The past few weeks have seen an intensification of the banking crisis in the United States, with the near failure of Bear Sterns, although some commentators hopefully say that the worst has now passed. In the United Kingdom the gap between the Bank Rate and money market rates has re-opened and is described as indicative of a reluctance of banks to lend to each other. In this commentary we seek to explain the fundamental factors behind recent developments in UK lending markets. We begin by describing the recent experience of the financial services industry in the United Kingdom and putting the crisis, which has been described as the worst since the Second World War, into some sort of perspective.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Kenyon ◽  
Jolein Laumen ◽  
Dorien Van Den Bossche ◽  
Christophe Van Dijck

Abstract Background Does the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae include the erasure of highly susceptible strains or does it merely involve a stretching of the MIC distribution? If it was the former this would be important to know as it would increase the probability that the loss of susceptibility is irreversible.Methods We conducted a historical analysis based on a literature review of changes of N. gonorrhoeae MIC distribution over the past 75 years for 3 antimicrobials (benzylpenicillin, ceftriaxone and azithromycin) in five countries (Denmark, Japan, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States).Results Changes in MIC distribution were most marked for benzylpenicillin and showed evidence of a right shifting of MIC distribution that was associated with a reduction/elimination of susceptible strains in all countries. In the case of ceftriaxone and azithromycin, where only more recent data was available, right shifting was also found in all countries but the extent of right shifting varied and the evidence for the elimination of susceptible strains was more mixed.Conclusions The finding of right shifting of MIC distribution combined with reduction/elimination of susceptible strains is concerning since it suggests that this shifting may not be reversible. Since excess antimicrobial consumption is likely to be responsible for this right shifting, this insight provides additional impetus to promote antimicrobial stewardship.


2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1850172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Grennes

This paper evaluates sovereign wealth funds in light of the extreme volatility of energy prices and the severe global recession that began in 2008. A recent paper by Das characterized the assets of funds as showing steady growth in the past and likely increased importance in the future. However, recent developments have reduced the relative importance of funds and have demonstrated the sensitivity of the funds to energy prices and world business cycles. Investments by sovereign wealth funds have the potential to introduce political influence into corporate governance, but this potential is much smaller than the interventions into corporate governance by governments of the United States and elsewhere connected to corporate bail-outs during the recession. Lack of transparency remains a problem for certain sovereign wealth funds, but anti-recession interventions by governments have been characterized by extreme lack of transparency.


1871 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Sprague

The past session of Parliament has witnessed the passing of an Act for the regulation of Life Assurance Companies in the United Kingdom, which, while introducing great changes in the law, still stops very far short of the system of legislation which has been for several years in operation in a few of the United States of America, and which is warmly approved of and urgently recommended for adoption by some persons in this country. The present may therefore be considered a fitting time for reviewing what has been done and considering whether any further legislation is desirable, and if any, of what nature it should be.


2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (30) ◽  
pp. 8420-8423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Seligman ◽  
Gabi Greenberg ◽  
Shripad Tuljapurkar

Efforts to understand the dramatic declines in mortality over the past century have focused on life expectancy. However, understanding changes in disparity in age of death is important to understanding mechanisms of mortality improvement and devising policy to promote health equity. We derive a novel decomposition of variance in age of death, a measure of inequality, and apply it to cause-specific contributions to the change in variance among the G7 countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States) from 1950 to 2010. We find that the causes of death that contributed most to declines in the variance are different from those that contributed most to increase in life expectancy; in particular, they affect mortality at younger ages. We also find that, for two leading causes of death [cancers and cardiovascular disease (CVD)], there are no consistent relationships between changes in life expectancy and variance either within countries over time or between countries. These results show that promoting health at younger ages is critical for health equity and that policies to control cancer and CVD may have differing implications for equity.


Author(s):  
Leighton Vaughan-Williams ◽  
David Paton

Over the past decade, U.K. gambling sector has experienced several regulatory shocks that have led to considerable debate and controversy within the industry and policy-making communities. Although there is a well-established literature on the economic impact of the growth of gambling facilities on local and regional economies in the United States and the United Kingdom, relatively little research has focused on optimal taxation of gambling machines within these facilities. This chapter seeks to address this gap by examining the theoretical arguments for taxing gambling machines by means of a levy on machine takings rather than by means of a license fee levied per machine. Recent tax debates in the United Kingdom provide an ideal context for such a discussion.


1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-98
Author(s):  
Rosemary T. VanArsdel

Justification is no longer necessary for the importance of research in Victorian periodicals, nor for the clear and very special window which periodicals offer into the life and thought of the nineteenth century. The pressing problem is how best to use the plethora of resource which exists, and how to render useful to the scholar the mountains of material which remain essentially un-catalogued. If we accept as a temporary definition of a Victorian periodical “a serial publication, issued more than once a year, part (at least) of whose run falls within the span 1824-1900,” we find documentation to show that at least 16,000 of these periodicals were published during the Victorian era, and it is by no means certain that that figure is exhaustive. Within this framework can be found every conceivable variety of opinion, debate, political posturing and social commentary. If one were able to select one year, say at mid-century, and sample from each of the 16,000 periodicals what a kaleidescopic glance into an era would be provided. Since this is neither practical nor likely to happen until the humanists' use of computer skills becomes more sophisticated, it remains for the literary and historical scholars to develop other means of mastering the diffuse, and at times elusive, material.In the past twelve years a number of distinguished men and women, both in the United States and in England, have applied themselves to initial problems of periodical research and as a result there have been at least four outstanding milestones laid on the pathway. The first of these, the very prestigious accomplishment by Professor Walter E. Houghton, of Wellesley College, was the establishment of the 15-20 year project, The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals (WI), the first volume of which appeared in 1966. (The second volume is projected for 1971, and the third for 1976, with the question of a fourth undecided.) This project was born about 1958, of Houghton's own frustration in trying to make use of periodicals while writing The Victorian Frame of Mind. As a result, he and his wife, Esther Rhoads Houghton, set out to provide a new tool to study Victorian men and ideas.


2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Al-Imam ◽  
Ban A. AbdulMajeed

BACKGROUND: NBOMe compounds, some of which commercially known as “N-Bomb” or “Smiles” signifying their potency, represent a uniquely potent group of phenethylamine derivatives. These have been recently used in the past decade for their powerful hallucinogenic properties to induce a “psychedelic trip”.METHODS: This study is an analytics of the surface web incorporating data from; the published literature, grey literature, drug fora, and trends’ databases. The study aims to review the pharmacodynamic effects of three most popular N-Bombs (25b, 25c, and 25i), analyse reported cases of intoxications and fatalities, and correlate these incidents with data retrieved from Google Trends.RESULTS: The potency and popularity of NBOMe compounds are tallied worldwide, 25b-NBOMe (least potent and least popular), 25i-NBOMe (most potent and most popular), while the 25c-NBOMe is in the middle. The popularity of each has been on the rise since 2011-2012, these compounds are most popular in the United States and the United Kingdom, while data from the developing world and the densely-populated India and China are either lacking or inadequate. The reported cases of intoxications and deaths were statistically proven to be correlated with the trends’ dataCONCLUSION: Inferential statistical information has associated cases of NBOMe(s)’ morbidities-mortalities with the public interest of surface web users in these hallucinogens. This study can serve a blueprint for an early warning system to be activated based on changes in trends’ data.


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