Vascularized composite allotransplantation

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-126
Author(s):  
Daniel Wilks ◽  
Simon Kay
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Organ Allocation ◽  
Immunomodulatory Agents ◽  
Composite Tissue ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
And Function ◽  
Tissue Defects ◽  
Selection Of

Vascularized composite allotransplants contain the products of multiple cell lineages to reconstruct the form and function of complex, composite tissue defects. This chapter discusses the ethical principles and the immunology behind composite transplantation, including the selection of immunomodulatory agents and the immune basis and treatment of rejection. The principles of organ allocation and candidate preparation are presented prior to discussion of the clinical applications and outcomes of hand, face, abdominal wall, uterus, penis, and lower limb transplantation.

scholarly journals Flap Decisions and Options in Soft Tissue Coverage of the Lower Limb

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 423-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J Jordan ◽  
Marco Malahias ◽  
Sandip Hindocha ◽  
Ali Juma
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Soft Tissue Coverage ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Flap Coverage ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
And Function ◽  
Review Current

The lower extremities of the human body are more commonly known as the human legs, incorporating: the foot, the lower or anatomical leg, the thigh and the hip or gluteal region.The human lower limb plays a simpler role than that of the upper limb. Whereas the arm allows interaction of the surrounding environment, the legs’ primary goals are support and to allow upright ambulation. Essentially, this means that reconstruction of the leg is less complex than that required in restoring functionality of the upper limb. In terms of reconstruction, the primary goals are based on the preservation of life and limb, and the restoration of form and function. This paper aims to review current and past thoughts on reconstruction of the lower limb, discussing in particular the options in terms of soft tissue coverage.This paper does not aim to review the emergency management of open fractures, or the therapy alternatives to chronic wounds or malignancies of the lower limb, but purely assess the requirements that should be reviewed on reconstructing a defect of the lower limb.A summary of flap options are considered, with literature support, in regard to donor and recipient region, particularly as flap coverage is regarded as the cornerstone of soft tissue coverage of the lower limb.

scholarly journals Desmosomes pattern cell mechanics to govern epidermal tissue form and function

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Broussard ◽  
Jennifer L. Koetsier ◽  
Kathleen J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Cell Mechanics ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Filamentous Actin ◽  
Differentiation Markers ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Mechanical Polarization ◽  
And Function

SummaryThe epidermis is a stratified epithelium in which structural and functional features are polarized across multiple cell layers. This type of polarity is essential for establishing the epidermal barrier, but how it is created and sustained is poorly understood. Previous work identified a role for the classical cadherin/filamentous-actin network in establishment of epidermal polarity. However, little is known about potential roles of the most prominent epidermal intercellular junction, the desmosome, in establishing epidermal polarity, in spite of the fact that desmosome constituents are patterned across the apical to basal cell layers. Here, we show that desmosomes and their associated intermediate filaments (IF) are key regulators of mechanical polarization in epidermis, whereby basal and suprabasal cells experience different forces that drive layer-specific functions. Uncoupling desmosomes and IF or specific targeting of apical desmosomes through depletion of the superficial desmosomal cadherin, desmoglein 1, impedes basal (stratification) and suprabasal (tight junction barrier) functions. Surprisingly, disengaging desmosomes from IF also uncouples stratification from differentiation, accelerating the expression of differentiation markers. Our data support a model in which the desmosome-IF network supports a reciprocally organized distribution of ErbB1/EGFR activity in the basal layer and mechanosensitive kinase ErbB2 activity in the suprabasal layer to ensure the proper spatiotemporal coordination of cell mechanics and the biochemical program of differentiation.

Form and function in the acquisition of Korean wh-questions

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Clancy
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Korean Children ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Form Function ◽  
Wh Questions ◽  
Acquisition Order ◽  
And Function ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACTIn this paper the order in which wh-questions are acquired in the production and comprehension of two Korean children, aged 1;8–2;8 and 1;10–2; 10, is analysed and compared with the available crosslinguistic data. Consistencies in acquisition order are hypothesized to be based on universals of cognitive development, which constrain the comprehension and production of wh-forms and influence the order in which mothers introduce them, and on functionally based similarities in the input of form/function pairs across children and languages. Discrepancies in acquisition order are attributed to differences in interactive style across caregivers and children, leading to different input frequencies of particular forms and individual children's selection of different forms for use.

Face transplantation

2019 ◽  
pp. 379-382
Author(s):  
Indranil Sinha ◽  
Raj M. Vyas ◽  
Bohdan Pomahac
Keyword(s):  
Self Report ◽  
Dramatic Improvement ◽  
Post Transplantation ◽  
Composite Tissue Allotransplantation ◽  
Traumatic Injuries ◽  
Composite Tissue ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Composite Tissue Transplantation ◽  
And Function ◽  
Facial Composite

Facial composite tissue allotransplantation is an emerging field which offers the potentially restore facial form and function, even following the most severe traumatic injuries. This benefit must be carefully weighed against the need to lifelong immunosuppression, associated infection risks, and possible rejection. Patients must be carefully screened for medical and psychiatric issues prior to the procedure. However, in the well-selected patient, this procedure can be transformative. Uniformly, patients self-report a dramatic improvement post transplantation. In addition, return of sensation in the transplanted allograft occurs in 3–6 months, although return of motor function takes longer and remains incomplete. Ultimately, facial composite tissue transplantation is a powerful technique in the properly selected patient.

scholarly journals The Complexity and Phylogenetic Continuity of Laughter and Smiles in Hominids

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Davila-Ross ◽  
Guillaume Dezecache
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Continuity Hypothesis ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Health And Well Being ◽  
Human Laughter ◽  
Selection Of

Laughter and smiles are often, but not always, associated with positive affect. These expressions of humans help to promote social relationships as well as the development of cognitive and socio-emotional skills and they may have a positive impact on health and well-being, hereby covering a selection of fitness-relevant benefits. Both laughter and smiles of positive affect also occur early in human development and across cultures, suggesting deep roots in human biology. The present work provides an evolutionary reconstruction of the evolution of human laughter and smiles of positive affect in form and function, based on the principle of maximum parsimony. According to the Complexity and Continuity Hypothesis, human laughter and smiles of positive affect must have evolved within the context of play from ancestral species. Furthermore, ancestral ape laughter and their open-mouth faces must already have been complex in form and function and changed over time via categorically different phylogenetic pathways to become characteristic, effective, and pervasive behaviors of everyday social interactions in humans.

scholarly journals The Simple Biology of Flipons and Condensates Enhances the Evolution of Complexity

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 4881
Author(s):  
Alan Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Sequence Composition ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Rna Transcripts ◽  
Evolution Of Complexity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Condensate Formation ◽  
And Function ◽  
Selection Of

The classical genetic code maps nucleotide triplets to amino acids. The associated sequence composition is complex, representing many elaborations during evolution of form and function. Other genomic elements code for the expression and processing of RNA transcripts. However, over 50% of the human genome consists of widely dispersed repetitive sequences. Among these are simple sequence repeats (SSRs), representing a class of flipons, that under physiological conditions, form alternative nucleic acid conformations such as Z-DNA, G4 quartets, I-motifs, and triplexes. Proteins that bind in a structure-specific manner enable the seeding of condensates with the potential to regulate a wide range of biological processes. SSRs also encode the low complexity peptide repeats to patch condensates together, increasing the number of combinations possible. In situations where SSRs are transcribed, SSR-specific, single-stranded binding proteins may further impact condensate formation. Jointly, flipons and patches speed evolution by enhancing the functionality of condensates. Here, the focus is on the selection of SSR flipons and peptide patches that solve for survival under a wide range of environmental contexts, generating complexity with simple parts.

scholarly journals Current concepts in managing fractures of metacarpal and phalangess

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (02) ◽  
pp. 203-211
Author(s):  
Jagannath B. Kamath ◽  
Deepak M. Naik ◽  
Ankush Bansal ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Biological Fixation ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Hand Fractures ◽  
Extremity Trauma ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
And Function ◽  
Phalangeal Fractures ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACTFractures of the metacarpal and phalanges constitute 10% of all fractures. No where in the body, the form and function are so closely related to each other than in hand. Too often these fractures are treated as minor injuries resulting in major disabilities. Diagnosis of skeletal injuries of the hand usually does not pose major problems if proper clinical examination is supplemented with appropriate radiological investigations. Proper preoperative planning, surgical intervention wherever needed at a centre with backing of equipment and implants, selection of appropriate anaesthesia and application of the principle of biological fixation, rigid enough to allow early mobilisation are all very important for a good functional outcome. This article reviews the current concepts in management of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures incorporating tips and indications for fixation of these fractures. The advantages and disadvantages of various approaches, anaesthesia, technique and mode of fixation have been discussed. The take-home message is that hand fractures are equally or more worthy of expertise as major extremity trauma are, and the final outcome depends upon the fracture personality, appropriate and timely intervention followed by proper rehabilitation. Hand being the third eye of the body, when injured it needs a multidisciplinary approach from the beginning. Though the surgeon's work appears to be of paramount importance in the early phase, the contribution from anaesthetist, physiotherapist, occupational therapist, orthotist and above all a highly motivated patient cannot be overemphasised.

scholarly journals FULL MOUTH RECONSTRUCTION- MALO IMPLANT BRIDGE: A CASE REPORT

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Raj kr. Sha ◽  
Rahul Bhayana ◽  
Sonu Kumar ◽  
Manela Shill ◽  
Akash Raj Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Edentulous Patient ◽  
White Balance ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Dental Diseases ◽  
Edentulous Patients ◽  
Good Treatment Option ◽  
And Function ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Selection Of

In the modern era of dentistry, we aim to restore, form, and function in a natural fashion maintaining the red and white balance in the oral cavity. The selection of the treatment plan by preserving the remains is the essential need that substantially influences the outcome we met. Full filling the demands of the completely edentulous patient is always considered a difficult task. Loss of teeth is the disability due to the physiological and various dental diseases like periodontal disease, dental caries, and trauma are more common. The complete loss of teeth causes various problems like difficulty in mastication, improper phonetics, and unacceptable esthetics of patients. The good amount of density and volume of the bone following desired inter arch space available. Then Malo implant bridge prosthesis is a good treatment option to rehabilitate completely edentulous patients in less treatment cost and we can restore the pink part to enhance the esthetic of patients. In the article, we recreate the smile, form, and function of patients with Malo Implant Bridge technique.

Plastic surgery

2021 ◽  
pp. 699-744
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
Autologous Transplantation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Soft Tissue Infections ◽  
Composite Tissue ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Common ◽  
And Function ◽  
Aesthetic Awareness ◽  
Severe Soft Tissue

This chapter evaluates plastic surgery, which is a constantly evolving surgical discipline based upon technical exactitude, detailed anatomical knowledge, and innovation. Plastic surgeons have strong aesthetic awareness, but the true scope of their practice is very much broader. The ethos of this work is to restore form and function. In pursuit of this goal, techniques have been refined that enable the transfer of tissues around the body as non-vascularised ‘grafts’, or vascularised ‘flaps’ that may be ‘pedicled’ on their anatomical blood supply, or revascularised after autologous transplantation by microvascular anastomosis. Globally, plastic surgeons collaborate with many specialties to enable oncological treatments and manage congenital abnormalities and trauma and severe soft tissue infections (SSTIs) across a broad range of conditions. In addition to this work, plastic surgeons have been involved in the development of composite tissue allotransplantation techniques that include facial, abdominal wall, and hand transplantation. The chapter then highlights some of the common reasons for referral to plastic surgery and describes some of the common plastic surgery techniques available to address these.

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