Plastic surgery

2021 ◽  
pp. 699-744
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
Autologous Transplantation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Soft Tissue Infections ◽  
Composite Tissue ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Common ◽  
And Function ◽  
Aesthetic Awareness ◽  
Severe Soft Tissue

This chapter evaluates plastic surgery, which is a constantly evolving surgical discipline based upon technical exactitude, detailed anatomical knowledge, and innovation. Plastic surgeons have strong aesthetic awareness, but the true scope of their practice is very much broader. The ethos of this work is to restore form and function. In pursuit of this goal, techniques have been refined that enable the transfer of tissues around the body as non-vascularised ‘grafts’, or vascularised ‘flaps’ that may be ‘pedicled’ on their anatomical blood supply, or revascularised after autologous transplantation by microvascular anastomosis. Globally, plastic surgeons collaborate with many specialties to enable oncological treatments and manage congenital abnormalities and trauma and severe soft tissue infections (SSTIs) across a broad range of conditions. In addition to this work, plastic surgeons have been involved in the development of composite tissue allotransplantation techniques that include facial, abdominal wall, and hand transplantation. The chapter then highlights some of the common reasons for referral to plastic surgery and describes some of the common plastic surgery techniques available to address these.

Mechanobiology and Adaptive Plasticity (MAP) Theory as a Potential Confounding Factor in Predicting Musculoskeletal Foot Function

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Physical Nature ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Kinetic Information ◽  
Foot Function ◽  
Clinical Variation ◽  
And Function

There are many theoretical models that attempt to accurately and consistently link kinematic and kinetic information to musculoskeletal pain and deformity of the foot. Biomechanical theory of the foot lacks a consensual model: clinicians are enticed to draw from numerous paradigms, each having different levels of supportive evidence and contrasting methods of evaluation, in order to engage in clinical deduction and treatment planning. Contriving to find a link between form and function lies at the heart of most of these competing theories and the physical nature of the discipline has prompted an engineering approach. Physics is of great importance in biology and helps us to model the forces that the foot has to deal with in order for it to work effectively. However, the tissues of the body have complex processes that are in place to protect them and they are variable between individuals. Research is uncovering why these differences exist and how these processes are governed. The emerging explanations for adaptability of foot structure and musculoskeletal homeostasis offer new insights on how clinical variation in outcomes and treatment effects might arise. These biological processes underlie how variation in the performance and utilisation of common traits, even within apparently similar sub-groups, make anatomical distinction less meaningful and are likely to undermine the justification of a 'foot type'. Furthermore, mechanobiology introduces a probabilistic element to morphology based on genetic and epigenetic factors.

scholarly journals Litteratur og politik

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (104) ◽  
pp. 148-165
Author(s):  
Frederik Tygstrup ◽  
Isak Winkel Holm
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Symbolic Forms ◽  
Representational Practices ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Poetics ◽  
The Common ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Way

Literature and PoliticsLiterature is political by representing the world. The production of literature is a contribution to a general cultural poetics where images of reality are constructed and circulated. At the same time, the practice of literature is institutionalized in such a way that the form and function of the images of reality it produces are conceived and used in a distinctive way. In this article, we suggest distinguishing between a general cultural poetics and a specific literary poetics by using Ernst Cassirer’s neo-Kantian concept of »symbolic forms«. We argue that according to this view, the political significance of literary representational practices resides in the way they activate a common cultural repertoire of historical symbolic forms while at the same time deviating from the common ways of treating these forms.

scholarly journals A Historical Review of Enzymatic Debridement: Revisited

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett David W
Keyword(s):  
Wound Care ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
The Body ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Bacterial Collagenase ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biochemical Research ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function ◽  
Enzymatic Debridement

The following is an update to a book entitled, “A Historical Review of Enzymatic Debridement: Revisited”, which I wrote in 2003. Since its publication, while the relevant clinical evidence has remained consistent, the amount of biochemical research and knowledge gained has been impressive. In the first chapter a sampling of the typical topical enzymatic debriding agents that have been used in wound care are reviewed and interestingly enough only one remains on the market. The FDA has removed all others from the marketplace and an explanation is provided in chapter one along with descriptions of the use and mode of action (MoA) of these agents. Chapter two is a review of the many different types of collagen found in the body, including their structure, form, and function as so much additional insight into this molecule has been gained since 2003. In chapter three we see an account depicting the many advances in understanding matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) reviewed in detail. Form, function, tissue orientation and preferred substrates are addressed. Finally, in chapter four we see the history of the MoA of MMPs as compared to bacterial collagenase starting in the early ‘80s to the time of this current publication. In addition we see the level of complexity of bacterial collagenases compared to MMPs, helping us to better understand why bacterial collagenase is much more efficient at removing necrotic tissue from wounds than are our own (endogenous) MMPs. I hope the reader finds this review useful from an academic standpoint, but more importantly from a clinical framework helping to understand the role of these types of therapies in wound care.

scholarly journals Prosthetic Considerations in Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhir Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maxillofacial Trauma ◽  
Maxillofacial Region ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Oral And Maxillofacial Region ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT Intraoral trauma may occur in isolation or in combination with injury of the other parts of the body. Once the life-threatening phase of trauma is over, the primary need for the patient is to restore the form and function of the tissues lost due to trauma. In the oral and maxillofacial region, esthetic consideration does sometimes supersede the need of function. This article briefl y summarizes the scope of prosthodontics in patients with oral and maxillofacial trauma. How to cite this article Bhandari S. Prosthetic Considerations in Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2014; 48(2):87-90.

scholarly journals Decussation as an axial twist: A Comment on Kinsbourne (2013)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc HE de Lussanet ◽  
Jan W.M. Osse
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Efferent Connections ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
And Function ◽  
Axial Twist ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Rostral Part

One of the great mysteries of the brain, which has puzzled all-time students of brain form and function is the contralateral organization of the forebrain, and the crossings of its major afferent and efferent connections. As a novel explanation, two recent studies have proposed that the rostral part of the head, including the forebrain, is rotated by 180 degrees with respect to the rest of the body (de Lussanet and Osse, 2012, Animal Biology 62, 193–216; Kinsbourne, 2013, Neuropsychology 27, 511–515). Kinsbourne proposes one 180-degree turn while we consider the 180 degrees being the result of two 90-degree turns in opposite directions. We discuss the similarities and differences between the two hypotheses.

scholarly journals Ontogenetic scaling of hydrostatic skeletons: geometric, static stress and dynamic stress scaling of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (12) ◽  
pp. 1871-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
KJ Quillin
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Dynamic Stress ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
Static Stress ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dynamic Stresses ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function

Soft-bodied organisms with hydrostatic skeletons range enormously in body size, both during the growth of individuals and in the comparison of species. Therefore, body size is an important consideration in an examination of the mechanical function of hydrostatic skeletons. The scaling of hydrostatic skeletons cannot be inferred from existing studies of the lever-like skeletons of vertebrates and arthropods because the two skeleton types function by different mechanisms. Hydrostats are constructed of an extensible body wall in tension surrounding a fluid or deformable tissue under compression. It is the pressurized internal fluid (rather than the rigid levers of vertebrates and arthropods) that enables the maintenance of posture, antagonism of muscles and transfer of muscle forces to the environment. The objectives of the present study were (1) to define the geometric, static stress and dynamic stress similarity scaling hypotheses for hydrostatic skeletons on the basis of their generalized form and function, and (2) to apply these similarity hypotheses in a study of the ontogenetic scaling of earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris, to determine which parameters of skeletal function are conserved or changed as a function of body mass during growth (from 0.01 to 8 g). Morphometric measurements on anesthetized earthworms revealed that the earthworms grew isometrically; the external proportions and number of segments were constant as a function of body size. Calculations of static stresses (forces per cross-sectional area in the body wall) during rest and dynamic stresses during peristaltic crawling (calculated from measurements of internal pressure and body wall geometry) revealed that the earthworms also maintained static and dynamic stress similarity, despite a slight increase in body wall thickness in segment 50 (but not in segment 15). In summary, the hydrostatic skeletons of earthworms differ fundamentally from the rigid, lever-like skeletons of their terrestrial counterparts in their ability to grow isometrically while maintaining similarity in both static and dynamic stresses.

Face transplantation

2019 ◽  
pp. 379-382
Author(s):  
Indranil Sinha ◽  
Raj M. Vyas ◽  
Bohdan Pomahac
Keyword(s):  
Self Report ◽  
Dramatic Improvement ◽  
Post Transplantation ◽  
Composite Tissue Allotransplantation ◽  
Traumatic Injuries ◽  
Composite Tissue ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Composite Tissue Transplantation ◽  
And Function ◽  
Facial Composite

Facial composite tissue allotransplantation is an emerging field which offers the potentially restore facial form and function, even following the most severe traumatic injuries. This benefit must be carefully weighed against the need to lifelong immunosuppression, associated infection risks, and possible rejection. Patients must be carefully screened for medical and psychiatric issues prior to the procedure. However, in the well-selected patient, this procedure can be transformative. Uniformly, patients self-report a dramatic improvement post transplantation. In addition, return of sensation in the transplanted allograft occurs in 3–6 months, although return of motor function takes longer and remains incomplete. Ultimately, facial composite tissue transplantation is a powerful technique in the properly selected patient.

Vascularized composite allotransplantation

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-126
Author(s):  
Daniel Wilks ◽  
Simon Kay
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Organ Allocation ◽  
Immunomodulatory Agents ◽  
Composite Tissue ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
And Function ◽  
Tissue Defects ◽  
Selection Of

Vascularized composite allotransplants contain the products of multiple cell lineages to reconstruct the form and function of complex, composite tissue defects. This chapter discusses the ethical principles and the immunology behind composite transplantation, including the selection of immunomodulatory agents and the immune basis and treatment of rejection. The principles of organ allocation and candidate preparation are presented prior to discussion of the clinical applications and outcomes of hand, face, abdominal wall, uterus, penis, and lower limb transplantation.

scholarly journals Creating Value in Plastic Surgery

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (04) ◽  
pp. 187-190
Author(s):  
Faryan Jalalabadi ◽  
Shayan Izaddoost ◽  
Edward Reece
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
Technical Skill ◽  
Surgical Results ◽  
Hospital System ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Bedside Manner ◽  
Key Players ◽  
And Function

AbstractValue is defined as the worth, utility, or importance something holds. It can be derived from a variety of goods and services and is relative to a given industry or population. This article will discuss elements of plastic surgery that hold value as to how it pertains to the key players in a medical transaction. It will also discuss strategies for identifying and generating value. Roles of the different members in a plastic surgery transaction were analyzed, specifically the patient, the surgeon, and the facility. Different factors that generated value for all parties were identified throughout the literature. Factors identified that created value included the following: the surgeon's knowledge, experience, and decision-making ability; and technical skill/speed, restoration of life, restoration of form and function, restoration of psychological deficit, instant surgical results, convenience of access, outcomes, cost accounting, research, compassion, and bedside manner. Plastic surgeons can gear their practice to provide the system and their patients with services that hold value. We present several factors that can generate value for the patient, surgeon, and hospital system.

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