Basic concepts

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Streiner ◽  
Geoffrey R. Norman ◽  
John Cairney
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Scale Reliability ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Reduce Measurement Error ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification ◽  
Basic Concepts

This chapter begins by introducing the readers to finding existing scales that may meet their needs. It briefly summarizes the key concepts they should look for in a scale—reliability, validity, and feasibility. It discusses what is meant by these various terms and how they are measured. The chapter also contrasts the categorical versus the dimensional approaches to diagnosis and classification. Finally, it compares the medical versus the psychometric ways of trying to reduce measurement error.

Debt Markets and Investments

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Fixed Income ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Debt Markets ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Distinguishing Features ◽  
Consistent Approach ◽  
Complex Subject

This book provides an objective look into the dynamic world of debt markets, products, valuation, and analysis. It also provides an in-depth understanding about this subject from experts in the field, both practitioners and academics. The coverage extends from discussing basic concepts and their application to increasingly intricate and real-world situations. This volume spans the gamut from theoretical to practical, while attempting to offer a useful balance of detailed and user-friendly coverage. The book has several distinguishing features. It blends the contributions of a global array of scholars and practitioners into a single review of some of the most important topics in this area. The book follows an internally consistent approach in format and style. Hence, it is collectively much more than a compilation of chapters from an array of different authors. It presents theory without unnecessary abstraction, quantitative techniques using basic bond mathematics, and conventions at a useful level of detail. It also incorporates how investment professionals analyze and manage fixed income portfolios. The book emphasizes empirical evidence involving debt securities and markets so it is understandable to a wide array of readers. Each chapter contains discussion questions to help reinforce key concepts. The end of the book contains guideline answers to each question. Readers interested in a broad survey will benefit as will those looking for more in-depth presentations of specific areas within this field of study. In summary, the book provides a fresh look at this intriguing and dynamic but often complex subject.

scholarly journals Dynamic-and-Systemic Principles of Synergetics in Functional Linguistics.

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
V. L. Malakhova
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Complex Dynamic ◽  
Evolution Of Language ◽  
Discursive Space ◽  
Concept System ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Universal Nature ◽  
Language Text

Th article describes the specifis, principles and methods of synergetics as a promising area of modern research. Synergetics is presented by the author as a holistic integral paradigm used in many sciences which confims its interdisciplinary and even universal nature. Th object of this paradigm is the interaction of complex systems, and since the mere concept ‘system’ is widely used in many scientifi filds, the relevance of synergetics is beyond doubt. Th author describes the main characteristics of the structure and functioning of a system. Th key concepts of synergetics and their explanation are also given. Further, the article discusses the branches of linguistics which use principles of synergetics – linguosynergetics and functional linguosynergetics as its variety. Since the study of text and discourse and their parameters as complex systems is of particular interest to many linguists, linguosynergetics has become one of the demanded scientifi paradigms in this area of research. Th author points out the objectives and tasks of linguistic synergetics, and functional linguosynergetics in particular, their basic concepts, principles and methods. Attention is also paid to the functioning of linguistic means, as well as the formation and interpretation of meaning depending on certain discursive space. Th author comes to the conclusion that thanks to synergetics language can be studied from specifi angles, and the application of its principles greatly contributes to the theory of the evolution of language. Linguosynergetics provides ample opportunities for describing language/text/discourse as a complex dynamic open system, and functional linguosynergetics, in turn, helps describe the features of its functioning and evolution.

scholarly journals Using Calibration to Reduce Measurement Error in Prevalence Estimates Based on Electronic Health Records

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pui Ying Chan ◽  
Yihong Zhao ◽  
Sungwoo Lim ◽  
Sharon E. Perlman ◽  
Katharine H. McVeigh
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Electronic Health Records ◽  
Health Records ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Reduce Measurement Error ◽  
Electronic Health

What Doesn’t Get Measured Does Exist: Improving the Accuracy of Computer-Aided Text Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 2909-2933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron F. McKenny ◽  
Herman Aguinis ◽  
Jeremy C. Short ◽  
Aaron H. Anglin
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Measurement Error Variance ◽  
Reduce Measurement Error

Computer-aided text analysis (CATA) is a form of content analysis that enables the measurement of constructs by processing text into quantitative data based on the frequency of words. CATA has been proposed as a useful measurement approach with the potential to lead to important theoretical advancements. Ironically, while CATA has been offered to overcome some of the known deficiencies in existing measurement approaches, we have lagged behind in regard to assessing the technique’s measurement rigor. Our article addresses this knowledge gap and describes important implications for past as well as future research using CATA. First, we describe three sources of measurement error variance that are particularly relevant to studies using CATA: transient error, specific factor error, and algorithm error. Second, we describe and demonstrate how to calculate measurement error variance with the entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation, and organizational ambidexterity constructs, offering evidence that past substantive conclusions have been underestimated. Third, we offer best-practice recommendations and demonstrate how to reduce measurement error variance by refining existing CATA measures. In short, we demonstrate that although measurement error variance in CATA has not been measured thus far, it does exist and it affects substantive conclusions. Consequently, our article has implications for theory and practice, as well as how to assess and minimize measurement error in future CATA research with the goal of improving the accuracy of substantive conclusions.

scholarly journals BRECHT’S THEATER: GENRE DIVERSITY AND BASIC CONCEPTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 196-204
Author(s):  
Larysa Fedorenko
Keyword(s):  
Bertolt Brecht ◽  
Homogeneous System ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Alienation Effect ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Conceptual Core

The article is devoted to the drama of Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956), the peculiarities of its genre palette and analysis of the main factors of the playwright's artistic method. To achieve this goal, the following research methods were used: descriptive; matching method; literary analysis and synthesis. The Brecht Theater is represented by genre varieties of theatrical forms: expressionist drama, musical, opera, operetta, Lehrstück, epic and dialectic theater. The article proves that dialectics is the ideological soil and the conceptual core of the Brecht Theater. The dialectic poetics of a playwright should be understood as the method of analysis and argumentation presented by the Hegelian triad: thesis – antithesis – synthesis. In accordance with the dialectical concept, the Brecht theater puts in the center primarily the principle of contradiction, aimed at a multifaceted understanding of phenomena, overcoming a frozen, ossified way of thinking. The study defines the key concepts and principles of creating the drama of Bertolt Brecht, namely the «alienation effect» (Verfremdungseffekt) and assemblage (composition). The principle of the «alienation effect» is that a familiar phenomenon appears in the theater from an unexpected perspective, and therefore requires awareness of the viewer’s novelty. The means of this is the constant violation of theatrical illusion, the reality of what is happening on stage. The assemblage stipulates that the theatrical action is not a homogeneous system, but is a «made», «constructed» plane of various heterogeneous «materials»: dialogical discourse is interrupted by lyro-epic components (songs); in the musical plan, which is designed in the same style, jazz elements are suddenly «mounted», actors exchange roles during the performance, elements of the cinema «penetrate» the event plane, the causal course of the events depicted is interrupted by the demonstration of banners or posters with provocative appeals. The prospects for further research are the literary analysis of post-Brecht theater, that is, drama, which appeared as an imitation or negation of the dramatic principles of Brecht's theater.

scholarly journals Molywood: streamlining the design and rendering of molecular movies

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (17) ◽  
pp. 4660-4661
Author(s):  
Miłosz Wieczór ◽  
Adam Hospital ◽  
Genis Bayarri ◽  
Jacek Czub ◽  
Modesto Orozco
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Structural Biology ◽  
Science Communication ◽  
Scientific Journals ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Arduous Task ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Basic Concepts

Abstract Motivation High-quality dynamic visuals are needed at all levels of science communication, from the conference hall to the classroom. As scientific journals embrace new article formats, many key concepts—particularly, in structural biology—are also more easily conveyed as videos than still frames. Notwithstanding, the design and rendering of a complex molecular movie remain an arduous task. Here, we introduce Molywood, a robust and intuitive tool that builds on the capabilities of Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD) to automate all stages of movie rendering. Results Molywood is a Python-based script that uses an integrated workflow to give maximal flexibility in movie design. It implements the basic concepts of actions, layers, grids and concurrency and requires no programming experience to run. Availability and implementation The script is freely available on GitLab (gitlab.com/KomBioMol/molywood) and PyPI (through pip), and features an extended documentation, tutorial and gallery hosted on mmb.irbbarcelona.org/molywood.

Using the area under the curve to reduce measurement error in predicting young adult blood pressure from childhood measures

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (22) ◽  
pp. 3421-3435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy R. Cook ◽  
Bernard A. Rosner ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Sathanur R. Srinivasan ◽  
Gerald S. Berenson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Measurement Error ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Reduce Measurement Error

Taking the Measure of Congress: Reply to Chiou and Rothenberg

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Binder
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

Chiou and Rothenberg raise important questions about how to measure key concepts in the study of legislative stalemate in the U.S. Congress. In challenging my choice of measures to capture bicameral differences, Chiou and Rothenberg argue that my findings are the artifact of measurement error. In this reply, I review the hurdles involved in measuring policy views over time and across institutions and suggest that the preferred measure of Chiou and Rothenberg falls short for measuring bicameral differences. Second, I assess the extent to which measurement choices affect the robustness of my findings about the determinants of gridlock. Drawing on new measures and model specifications, I show that my results are robust to alternative specifications. I conclude with an assessment of the broader challenges posed by how we measure critical concepts in the study of congressional performance.

scholarly journals Rethinking social policy from a capability perspective

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Mara A. Yerkes ◽  
Jana Javornik ◽  
Anna Kurowska
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Capability Approach ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Conversion Factors ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Policy Context ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Sen’S Capability Approach ◽  
The Capability Approach

In this chapter, we discuss the key challenges and issues related to interpreting basic concepts of the capability approach (CA) in a social policy context. We start by briefly introducing the CA, tracing the idea of capabilities back to the writings of Aristotle and interpreting them in the context of Sen's capability approach. We then discuss the theoretical and empirical debates surrounding the CA as it was further developed by Nussbaum and later interpreted by other scholars such as Robeyns. The focus here is on the main conceptual and empirical debates in relation to social policy research and practice, centred on the key concepts in Sen's approach to capabilities: means, capabilities, functionings, conversion factors, and agency. Multiple interpretations of these concepts create difficulties in applying the CA to social policy research. This chapter offers a way forward in addressing these issues as they apply specifically to social policy research and practice.

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