Science Diplomacy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Krasnyak ◽  
Pierre-Bruno Ruffini
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Global Public Good ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Science Diplomacy ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
International Scientific Cooperation

Science diplomacy emerged in the early years of the 21st century as a new vocabulary and a new concept in international relations, although the practice of science diplomacy has deep historical roots and various forms that were not labeled as such before. Science diplomacy refers to professional practices at the intersection of the world of science and that of diplomacy. It is also a subject of study that gives rise to a scholarly literature. Basically, the rationale of science diplomacy is twofold: advancing a country’s national interest and addressing global challenges. Science diplomacy encompasses a great range of activities to promote and secure a state’s foreign policy objectives and of activities to secure global public good at the transnational level, such as using scientific advice and expertise, enabling international scientific cooperation, bringing scientists on board of diplomatic negotiations, or appointing science attachés to embassies. International scientific cooperation is sometimes confused in the discourse with science diplomacy. However, if scientific cooperation is possible only with diplomatic assistance, serves a nation-state’s foreign policy objectives, promotes national interests, or aims to address global issues, then it is science diplomacy. Otherwise, it is not. Science diplomacy is also closely related to a state’s political system and beliefs because the effective use of science diplomacy contributes a great deal to a state’s power and influence in world politics and in international relations, and it helps to generate soft power of attraction and cooperation. A few notable institutions are active in science diplomacy, promote international dialogue on global issues, disseminate practices, and take part in the debate of the science diplomacy concept. They include the Center for Science Diplomacy of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the International Network for Government Science Advice (INGSA), and the Science Diplomacy Center of Tufts University, and multilateral scientific organizations, such as the International Institute for Applied System Analysis, the International Science Council, and the Science Diplomacy Thematic Network at the University of the Arctic. National and international academies of sciences sometimes intervene in this debate. Professional literature on science diplomacy is abundant and academic literature is growing as well, which has not led, however, so far to the emergence of a genuine theory of science diplomacy. This article aims to guide readers in their comprehension of science diplomacy and of the related debates through a selection of sources that shed light on science diplomacy both in theory and in practice from various viewpoints.

scholarly journals Conceptualizing science diplomacy in the practitioner-driven literature: a critical review

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Bruno Ruffini
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Cultural Bias ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
Science Diplomacy ◽  
Long Time ◽  
International Scientific Cooperation

Abstract Science diplomacy and the practices it covers have existed for a long time, but the related vocabulary emerged only recently. It is only in the last fifteen years or so that there has been a discourse on science diplomacy, in which the practitioner-driven literature dominates. This article is based on a careful examination of some of its key writings. It aims at reflecting on the construction of the concept of science diplomacy, as it is penned by practitioners. Mainstream narratives magnify the practices of international scientific cooperation and generally under-represent the use of science in foreign policy for competitive purposes. In order to explain the gap that exists between the discourse and the reality of practices, this article puts forward a hypothesis, that of a cultural bias originating from the profile of the leading authors, who are both scientists and actors of science diplomacy.

scholarly journals The Arctic as a “Strategic” and “Important” Chinese Foreign Policy Interest: Exploring the Role of Labels and Hierarchies in China’s Arctic Discourses

2021 ◽  
pp. 186810262110186
Author(s):  
Patrik Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Chinese Foreign Policy ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
Political Priority

Research confirms that China is becoming more engaged in the Arctic. However, international relations scholarship often extrapolates from relatively few instances of activity to wide-ranging claims about Chinese priorities. Fortunately, Chinese political discourse is organised by labels that allow us to study how the Arctic is classified and ranked along China’s other foreign policy priorities. This article analyses two such classifications – “important maritime interest” and “strategic new frontier,” exploring how they have come about, what they mean, and how they add political priority to the Arctic. It argues that hierarchies are constructed in two ways: by adding gradients and by including/excluding categories of priority. It views categories as performative: they not only convey information about character and relative importance of interests but are also used for achieving different objectives. By focusing on foreign policy classifications, the article contributes to a more nuanced and precise understanding of China’s Arctic interests.

scholarly journals International Arctic Scientific Cooperation: Institutionalization of the Legal Regime

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 120-130
Author(s):  
N. A. Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Region ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Technological Cooperation ◽  
Integral Process ◽  
International Scientific Cooperation

Ensuring security in the Arctic in various areas and the need for a better understanding of the natural processes occurring in this region require intensification of scientific and technological cooperation, which opens up opportunities for closer interaction to solve other problems, for example, environmental protection, adaptation to climate change, safe maritime navigation and so on. Scientific and technological cooperation in the Arctic is carried out in various formats. The Arctic Council continues to play a peculiar coordinating role in international scientific cooperation, which has proposed various initiatives related to the development of scientific cooperation. The author emphasizes the implementation of scientific cooperation in the context of the scientific diplomacy development as an integral process in the information society, when scientific data is important for diplomatic activity, when diplomacy provides conditions for the development of international scientific cooperation, and finally, when science affects the vectors of cooperation, ensuring the solution of problems in various areas. Particular attention is given to the analysis of the 2017 Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation, since the problems existing in the Arctic region require coordinated and carefully planned collective actions. Issues related to the types of research activities, the specifics of the spatial scope of the Agreement and access to the established geographical areas are considered. Finally, some conclusions are proposed regarding the assessment of the Agreement. The agreement improves the quality of the legal environment for all 8 Arctic states simultaneously in terms of scientific cooperation, taking into account the relevant provisions of international law, including those related to marine scientific research.

Religious Freedom and the New Evangelical Foreign Policy Lobby

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-94
Author(s):  
Lauren Frances Turek
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spiritual Beliefs ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range

This chapter explores how evangelical internationalism developed into a focused vision for U.S. foreign relations that provided the foundation for political advocacy on a wide range of global issues by the late 1970s and early 1980s. It argues that a powerful evangelical foreign policy emerged in response to growing anxieties about developments in international relations. It also explains how evangelicals drew on their connections with coreligionists abroad and combined their spiritual beliefs with human rights language in order to build support among policymakers for the cause of international religious liberty. The chapter reflects the layered and multimodal nature of evangelical internationalist development and of the foreign policy challenges that evangelical activists confronted. It also reveals how evangelical leaders, missionaries, and interest groups drew on their political power and the international evangelical network to shape international relations and national policies in the United States, the Soviet Union, Guatemala, and South Africa.

South Africa’s International Relations: A New Dawn?

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-78
Author(s):  
Cheryl Hendricks ◽  
Nkululeko Majozi
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Agenda Setter ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
Economic Landscape ◽  
Lost Opportunity

Over the last 25 years, South Africa’s regional and global stature has been in flux. Although there is continuity in its foreign policy objectives, there have been changes in emphasis and application. These changes, together with shifts in the domestic political and economic landscape, have impacted negatively on South Africa’s international relations. President Cyril Ramaphosa, in his 2018 State of the Nation Address, boldly proclaimed a ‘new dawn’ for South Africa. A key aspect of the intended new dawn is the repositioning of South Africa regionally and globally. This paper examines the shifts and the continuity in South Africa’s foreign policy, and the reasons for its waning global and regional stature. The paper argues that South Africa is once again in a position to be a norm- and agenda-setter, especially in relation to peace and security, but that this will be a lost opportunity if there is a lack of the necessary reflection, visioning and redress needed for transformation.

scholarly journals The place and role of the environment in the foreign policy of the Republic of Serbia

2013 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-237
Author(s):  
Dragoljub Todic
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
The Status ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
The Republic ◽  
State Of The Environment

The paper points to some methodological and terminological dilemmas in defining the framework of the research as well as the linkage of environmental issues with other relevant issues. Based on the provisions contained in the strategic documents and relevant sources of law there have been analyzed factors that determine the place and the role of the environment in the foreign policy and they are as follows: the state of the environment, the policy objectives of the Republic Serbia (RS) in the environmental field, powers for dealing with environmental issues, powers and way of organizing foreign affairs, perspective of the RS membership in the European Union (EU), global and regional challenges in the environmental field, the place of international co-operation in environmental regulations, membership in international organizations in the environmental field, the status of the RS in international treaties in the environmental field, etc. The second part of the paper emphasizes the possibilities of strengthening the environmental role as a subject of co-operation in achieving certain objectives in the foreign policy of the RS. The author argues the thesis that the place and role of the environment in the foreign policy of the RS are not defined in a clear and precise manner. However, it can be said that the general framework is determined in large part by perspective of the RS membership in the EU and specific regional and global issues in the environmental field.

scholarly journals PERKEMBANGAN KONSTELASI POLITIK INTERNASIONAL DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP POLITIK HUKUM NASIONAL INDONESIA DALAM PEMBERANTASAN TERORISME

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mardenis Mardenis
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
Common Enemy ◽  
The Common ◽  
Almost All

The problem of terrorism has now become one of the few global issues which are very much talked about and greatly affect international relations. Actually, when the United States (U.S.) makes the issue of terrorism as the main agenda of foreign policy (polugri) country and invite / pressing other countries to support it, almost all world countries basically agree, agree. The problem then arises when the execution was terrorism that will be the common enemy of mankind and must be fought together it is terrorism by political interests, and ideology economi U.S. Key words: Terrorism, global issue, US foreign policy, political, economy and ideology of US. 

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