Hepatitis Viruses: Oysters, Blood Transfusions, and Cancer

2020 ◽  
pp. 187-200
Author(s):  
Michael B. A. Oldstone
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Chinese Literature ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Hepatitis Viruses ◽  
Hbv Vaccine ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Ancient Chinese

This chapter studies the history of hepatitis virus infection. Hepatitis and/or jaundice were recorded in the fourth century BC by Hippocrates and over 1,000 years ago in the ancient Chinese literature. By the end of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, the association of a virus infection with jaundice and liver disease was made. The major hepatitis viruses are hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), and non-A, non-B or hepatitis C (HCV). HAV is transmitted almost always by fecal–oral routes but occasionally by transfusion or inoculation of blood obtained during the transient stage of viremia that occurs during the HAV incubation period. While there is currently no effective vaccine for HCV, an effective vaccine exists for HBV. A problem with the HBV vaccine is individuals refusing to be vaccinated. Nevertheless, recent progress made on the understanding and treatment of these viruses has led to the World Health Organization planning that by 2030 hepatitis infections will be reduced by 90% and deaths by 65%.

Critical Insight into the Attributes of Emerging Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in India and Across the World

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Gaurav M. Doshi ◽  
Hemen S. Ved ◽  
Ami P. Thakkar
Keyword(s):  
Review Article ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Insight ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Old Drugs

The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently announced the spread of novel coronavirus (nCoV) globally and has declared it a pandemic. The probable source of transmission of the virus, which is from animal to human and human to human contact, has been established. As per the statistics reported by the WHO on 11th April 2020, data has shown that more than sixteen lakh confirmed cases have been identified globally. The reported cases related to nCoV in India have been rising substantially. The review article discusses the characteristics of nCoV in detail with the probability of potentially effective old drugs that may inhibit the virus. The research may further emphasize and draw the attention of the world towards the development of an effective vaccine as well as alternative therapies. Moreover, the article will help to bridge the gap between the new researchers since it’s the current thrust area of research.

scholarly journals Pharmacotherapeutic management of chronic viral hepatitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Gabriela Mitea ◽  
Marius Daniel Radu ◽  
Ana Maria Ionescu ◽  
Nicoleta Blebea
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

In infectious diseases, viral hepatitis has an increased incidence, being an important cause of morbidity and mortality, being a "sentinel" indicator of the socio-economic and hygienic-cultural standard of a geographical area. The World Health Organization (WHO) admits the following types of hepatitis viruses: A, B, B + D, C, E, F and G. Among the viral entities recognized by the WHO, a special importance in terms of incidence, evolution over time with the risk of chronicity and the therapeutic options are presented by hepatitis B and C. There is currently an effective vaccine as well as treatment for hepatitis B. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C, but in recent years considerable progress has been made in treating this disease. Also, the introduction of drugs known as direct-acting antivirals makes it possible to cure over 90% of patients within 2-3 months. But in many countries, current drug policies, regulations and prices keep treatment out of the reach of most people with hepatitis. Eradication of viral hepatitis is possible if greater emphasis is placed on prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Vaccination is very important, as it is possible for types A and B of hepatitis. Early diagnosis is also extremely important, given that there are currently very effective drugs that can prevent the development of liver cancer. The WHO also noted that about two million people worldwide become ill each year due to the reuse of syringes and stressed the importance of checking blood donors to see if they are not carriers of hepatitis B or C viruses. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to highlight the pharmacological treatment and the main therapeutic and prevention schemes currently used for patients with these liver diseases. The paper was based on the most popular methods of identification of the latest international information about the treatment of hepatitis (by electronic search using Pubmed, SciFinder, Scirus, GoogleScholar and Web of Science). We also consulted the global literature cited in the hepatitis database of the World Health Organization (WHO) updated frequent from the current literature on this topic.

scholarly journals Adjuvant Strategies for More Effective Tuberculosis Vaccine Immunity

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart ◽  
Triccas ◽  
Petrovsky
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Vaccine Protection ◽  
Health Organization

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is responsible for the most deaths by a single infectious agent worldwide, with 1.6 million deaths in 2017 alone. The World Health Organization, through its “End TB” strategy, aims to reduce TB deaths by 95% by 2035. In order to reach this goal, a more effective vaccine than the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine currently in use is needed. Subunit TB vaccines are ideal candidates, because they can be used as booster vaccinations for individuals who have already received BCG and would also be safer for use in immunocompromised individuals in whom BCG is contraindicated. However, subunit TB vaccines will almost certainly require formulation with a potent adjuvant. As the correlates of vaccine protection against TB are currently unclear, there are a variety of adjuvants currently being used in TB vaccines in preclinical and clinical development. This review describes the various adjuvants in use in TB vaccines, their effectiveness, and their proposed mechanisms of action. Notably, adjuvants with less inflammatory and reactogenic profiles that can be administered safely via mucosal routes, may have the biggest impact on future directions in TB vaccine design.

scholarly journals Clinical diagnostic and treatment of COVID 19 of bilateral pneumonia: Case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2-S) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
A Otljanski ◽  
K Kipevska
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clinical State ◽  
Complex Treatment ◽  
Pneumonia Case ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

In 2019 year the world was attacked with corona virus (SARS-CoV-2) and in march 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic.The symptoms and clinical state in this COVID-19 infection was different, from asymptomatic to mild and severe symptoms, which presented different form of disease: mild, moderate or severe, with or without complications. We presented case with COVID 19 pneumonia as one of the form of COVID infection, with diagnosis, treatment and all investigations we done in our hospital. With complex treatment of this virus infection we successful improved the clinical state of patients with COVID 19 pneumonia. Keywords: coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, COVID 19 pneumonia

SARS-CoV-2: The Path of Prevention and Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amal A. Mohamed ◽  
Nouran Mohamed ◽  
Seham Mohamoud ◽  
Fawkia E. Zahran ◽  
Rania Abdelmonem Khattab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

: The 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) continues to expand worldwide. Although the number of cases and the death rate among children and adolescents are reported to be low compared to adults, limited data have been reported. We urgently need to find treatment and vaccine to stop the epidemic. Vaccine development is in progress, but any approved and effective vaccine for COVID-19 is at least 12 to 18 months. The World Health Organization (WHO), the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have issued instructions and strategies for containing COVID-19 outbreak to the general public, physicians, travelers and injured patients to follow so that the transmission to a healthy population can be prevented. In this review, we summarize demographic data, clinical characteristics, complications and outcomes and finally prevention and control of this serious pandemic.

A Review on Prevention, Transmission and Symptoms of the Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Mohammadi ◽  
Yahya Ehteshaminia ◽  
Seif Ali Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
World Health ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Introduction: Coronavirus belongs to a family of viruses that can cause symptoms such as pneumonia, fever, shortness of breath and lung infection. On December 29, 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) coined the term New Coronavirus 2019 to refer to a coronavirus that affects the lower respiratory tract of patients with pneumonia in Wuhan, China. The new coronavirus was first identified in Wuhan, among a number of patients with an unknown form of viral pneumonia who also had a history of Huanan seafood market. Materials and Methods: In this study, the websites of PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran were searched and related articles were reviewed. Results: Symptoms of COVID-19 occur after a period of 2 to 10 days and the period of symptoms resulting in death of patients varied between 6 to 41 days. Common symptoms at the onset of the disease are fever, cough, and fatigue. Each carrier is reported to infect an average of 3.77 others. Conclusion: Regarding the way of transmission of viral diseases of the upper respiratory tract, such as COVID-19, i.e., the transmission by respiratory droplets as well as close communication between individuals, solutions have been recommended by experts. Researchers are suggesting not touching the T-zone on the face, using a mask and following the principles of social distancing are the most effective ways to control the disease. Due to the lack of definitive treatment or effective vaccine for COVID-19 so far, following these principles has a significant role in combating this pandemic.

scholarly journals Zika Virus: A Basic Overview of an Emerging Arboviral Infection in the Western Hemisphere

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 707-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly G. Vest
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
World Health ◽  
Zika Virus Infection ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

AbstractSince February 2015, Zika virus has spread throughout the Western Hemisphere, starting in Brazil. As of March 2016, autochthonous transmission has been reported in at least 31 countries or territories. For countries in the Americas, the spread of Zika virus, a previously unfamiliar disease, follows similar emerging infection introductions of West Nile virus and Chikungunya virus and their spread throughout the American continents and the Caribbean nations. The Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization have issued alerts and a Public Health Emergency of International Concern announcement related to the recent cluster of microcephaly cases and other neurological disorders in Brazil that are temporally associated with Zika virus, which highlights the possible adverse impact of viral infection. This article provides an overview of the Zika virus infection and presents the historical background of the virus, a description of the pathogen, the epidemiology and clinical spectrum of Zika virus infection, diagnosis and treatment approaches, and prevention and control measures. Understanding what is known about the virus and its clinical presentation will assist in prevention, detection, and response measures to reduce and control the spread of the virus throughout the Western Hemisphere. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;page 1 of 6)

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