“Like Fire and Powder”

2019 ◽  
pp. 321-344
Author(s):  
Manon Hedenborg White
Keyword(s):  
The Social ◽  
Historically Situated

This chapter reviews the initial questions of the study, including how interpretations of Babalon relate to hegemonic notions of gender; and whether Babalon has the potential to function according to what Rosi Braidotti denotes as a “feminist figuration,” which indicates alternate ways of envisioning and inhabiting femininity. I conclude that the Babalon discourse appears to function in this way, providing a feminine symbolic that especially women and LGBTQ esotericists can identify with and indicating the desirability of nonmonogamous, nonreproductive, and sometimes also nonheterosexual modalities. This symbolic may not be equally accessible to all feminine subjects, because the Babalon discourse is historically situated and contingent on the social positionality of many contemporary esotericists. In summarizing the findings of this study, I assert that the Babalon discourse—lauding the propensity for erotic undoing—nonetheless profoundly challenges Western notions of bourgeois, masculine, and bounded subjectivity.

The Affective Turn in Educational Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michalinos Zembylas
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Educational Theory ◽  
The Body ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Affect Studies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Theories ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Historically Situated

The “affective turn” in the humanities and social sciences has developed some of the most innovative and productive theoretical ideas in recent years, bringing together psychoanalytically informed theories of subjectivity and subjection, theories of the body and embodiment, and political theories and critical analysis. Although there are clearly different approaches in the affective turn that range from psychoanalysis, poststructuralism, (post-)Deleuzian perspectives, theories of the body, and embodiment to affective politics, there is a substantial turn to the intersections of the social, cultural, and political with the psychic and the unconscious. The affective turn, then, marks a shift in thought in critical theory through an exploration of the complex interrelations of discursive practices, the human body, social and cultural forces, and individually experienced but historically situated affects and emotions. Work in this area has become known as “critical emotion studies” or “critical affect studies.” Just as in other disciplinary areas, there has been a huge surge of interest in education concerning the study of affect and emotion. Affect and emotion have appeared and reappeared in educational theory and practice over the past several decades through a variety of theoretical lenses. For psychologists working with theories of cognition, for example, the meaning of these terms is very different compared to that of a sociologist or philosopher using social or political theories of power. In general, psychologists investigate emotional states and their impact on the body and mind/cognition, whereas “affect” is a much broader term denoting modes of influence, movement, intensity, and change. Within these two meanings—a more psychologized notion focused on the “emotions” as these are usually understood and a more wider perspective on “affect” highlighting difference, process, and force—the affective turn in education expands our thinking and research by attempting to enrich our understanding of how teachers and students are moved, what inspires or pains them, how feelings and memories play into teaching and learning. The affective turn, then, is a particular and particularly focused set of ideas well worth considering, especially because it enables power critiques of various kinds. What the affective turn contributes to education and other disciplines is that it draws attention to the entanglement of affects and emotions with everyday life in new ways. More importantly, the affective turn creates important ethical, political, and pedagogical openings in educators’ efforts to make transformative interventions in educational spaces.

scholarly journals Towards a Cultural Psychology: Meaning and Social Practice as Key Elements

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Andrés Santamaría ◽  
Mercedes Cubero ◽  
Manuel Luis De la Mata
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
The Social ◽  
Historically Situated ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Methodological Aspects

Several prominent scholars in the Social Sciences have defended the need for a new way of studying the relationship between culture and the individual. Over the last three decades, it has been common to find studies under the heading of Cultural Psychology (CP), which have focussed on the role of culture in historical and ontogenetic development. However, among the defenders of CP, there have been specific disagreements over theoretical and methodological aspects of the project. This lack of agreement is revealed by the different conceptions of the role of meaning and social practice in human psychological functioning. This paper aims is to analyze some different approaches to CP, and the role of meaning plays in its constitution. For us, the central claim of CP is that the human mind should be seen as inter-penetrated by intentional worlds that are culturally and historically situated, and this psychology must to study the ways psyche and culture; person and context, self and other, practitioner and practice live together, and jointly make each other up. In addition, CP has also identified the symbolic mediation of mind and culture as its analytical focus. Finally, we defend that culture and mind are to be treated as forms of culturally differentiated meaning practices. To make possible this enterprise, we propose the necessity to develop the notion of mediated and situated actions as a unit of analysis of Cultural Psychology.

scholarly journals Hegemony

Communication ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Calabrese ◽  
Marco Briziarelli
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Antonio Gramsci ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
The Social ◽  
Historically Situated ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Modern Condition

The term “hegemony” refers to a socially determined category that describes mechanisms and dynamics associated with power, and which is grounded in historically situated social practice. Hegemony accounts for the social power of one class over the others as a combination of leadership and domination. However, such power is never completely attained, since hegemony also accounts for the unresolved tension between dominant and alternative ideologies. Like many other important concepts used to describe aspects of the modern condition, hegemony represents a key point of departure, passage, and arrival for much of contemporary social and political theory. The concept has been used since the time of the ancient Greek polis, but contemporary accounts of hegemony most often rely on the thought of one of the 20th century’s most influential social philosophers: Antonio Gramsci. Gramsci’s imprint is so strong that it remains either explicitly referenced or implicitly inscribed in nearly all contemporary analyses that employ the idea of hegemony, which is evident below.

Context: The Fulcrum of Constructivist Psychotherapy

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay S. Efran ◽  
Leslie E. Clarfield
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Practice ◽  
The Social ◽  
Historically Situated

Because contexts constitute the background of events, they are notoriously easy to ignore or take for granted. However, the constructivist, who appreciates the social and historically situated nature of the psychotherapy enterprise, considers alterations of context the most powerful form of intervention available. The focus is not on details of content, but on the framework that determines the meaning of that content. Metaphor is used to bridge gaps in experience. When a person is enabled to embrace a more inclusive context, elements that initially appeared to be in opposition can be effectively integrated. In this article, the nature of context is discussed and examples from therapeutic practice are given.

scholarly journals Magic vs. Science in the Historiography of Science: The Social-Historical Construction of Rationality

2017 ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Carlos Alvarez Maia
Keyword(s):  
Sociology Of Knowledge ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Magical Thinking ◽  
Scientific Thought ◽  
The Social ◽  
Historically Situated ◽  
As If

The historiography of scientific studies has suffered from a great impact, that is rarely referred to, from anthropological analyses of magic in so-called primitive societies. The emphasis brought by criticism during the 1950/1960’s of Evans-Pritchard’s 1937 classic, Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande, brought a fresh look at certainties already consolidated in Western thought, especially those relating to rational human characteristics and science. For the history, these criticisms were interesting because they were presented science as a historically situated activity, in the same way as magic. It favours, therefore, the proximity of historians tout court with the history of the sciences that resists its absences even today. This renewal helped to create a scenario that would enable David Bloor to develop the strong program of Sociology of Knowledge in the 1970s.  Such a program indicates the analogous process that involves both the social production of beliefs and that of scientific truths. The comparison between magic and science usually presents them in a hierarchy. As if there were an evolutionary process in which magical thinking necessarily preceded scientific thought. The one, more precarious, would belong to the prehistory of the scientific thought, which would be the climax of modern rational action. In this paper I evaluate the proximity of magic-science from the point of view of contemporary studies about scientific activity, questioning the concepts of rationality and logic as if they were exclusive qualities of scientific activity. A kind of metaphysical gift that would show the superiority of individuals over others, as much as of science over magic. I give special emphasis to the exposition of how rationality and logic are socio-historical characteristics acquired throughout history by human subjects in their experiential practices, and which are present both in magic and technical activities; these, an embryo of science.

scholarly journals THE STUDY OF THE DISCOURSE RELATED TO THE CODE OF ROBOETHICS FOR THE HUMAN-ROBOT INTERACTION PROFESSION IN SUJOY GHOSH’S ANUKUL

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 338-343
Author(s):  
Dr. Panchali Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Robot Ethics ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Discursive Formation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Historically Situated

The research paper primarily studies the idea or discourse related to the code of “Robot Ethics” or “Roboethics” which governs human-robot interaction profession and is embodied in Sujoy Ghosh’s film narrative Anukul (2017). It foregrounds the theory of “discursive formations” that propounds the formulation of knowledge from discourses that pre-exist the subject’s experiences. The paper shows that the subject is not an autonomous or unified identity but is in process as a result there is a parallel shift in the history and philosophy of science. The paper attempts to explore the evolution of the “Robot Ethics” in the context of the film. It attempts to show that science progresses in discontinuous movement from one discursive formation or paradigm to another in connection to the development in the code of “Roboethics” as projected in the film narrative. The paper shows that the scientists conduct and write up their research within the conceptual limits of particular scientific discourses which are historically situated in relation to their society and culture. It shows that discourse related to “Robot Ethics” is connected to power.  The research paper shows that individuals are subjects of ideology and the ideology/ies operate by the interpellation of the subjects in the social structure. This interpellation works through the discursive formations which are materially linked with “state apparatuses” such as religion, law and education.  

scholarly journals Peace, Protest and Precarity: Making Conceptual Sense of Young People’s Non-violent Dissent in a Period of Intersecting Crises

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Bowman ◽  
Sarah Pickard
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Young People ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Bearing Witness ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Peace And Justice ◽  
The Social ◽  
Historically Situated ◽  
Taking Action

Abstract The current young generation are living through socio-historically situated intersecting crises, including precarity and climate change. In these times of crisis, young people are also bearing witness to a distinctive global wave of youth-led activism involving protest actions. Much of this activism can be deemed dissent because many young activists are calling for systemic change, including the radical disruption, reimagining and rebuilding of the social, economic and political status quo. In this interdisciplinary article, between politics and peace studies, we investigate how the concept of peace plays an important role in some young dissent, and specifically the dissent of young people taking action on climate change. We observed that these young environmental activists often describe their actions in careful terms of positive peace, non-violence, kindness and care, in order to express their dissent as what we interpret as positive civic behaviour. They also use concepts grounded in peace and justice to navigate their economic, political and social precarity. Based on a youth-centred study, drawing on insightful face to face semi-structured interviews in Britain and France with school climate strikers, Friday For Future (FFF) and Extinction Rebellion (XR) activists, we explore how young environmental activists themselves related their dissent, and especially how they attached importance to it being non-violent and/or peaceful. Stemming from our findings, we discuss how young environmental activists’ vision of violence and non-violence adapted to the structural and personal violence they face at the complex intersections of young marginalization, global inequalities and injustices in the lived impact of climate change and the policing of protest.

The Social Origins and Provenance of the English Bishops during the Reign of Edward II

1959 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 51-79
Author(s):  
K. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Early Career ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Edward Ii ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
History Of

During the last twenty or twenty-five years medieval historians have been much interested in the composition of the English episcopate. A number of studies of it have been published on periods ranging from the eleventh to the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. A further paper might well seem superfluous. My reason for offering one is that most previous writers have concentrated on analysing the professional circles from which the bishops were drawn, and suggesting the influences which their early careers as royal clerks, university masters and students, secular or regular clergy, may have had on their later work as bishops. They have shown comparatively little interest in their social background and provenance, except for those bishops who belonged to magnate families. Some years ago, when working on the political activities of Edward II's bishops, it seemed to me that social origins, family connexions and provenance might in a number of cases have had at least as much influence on a bishop's attitude to politics as his early career. I there fore collected information about the origins and provenance of these bishops. I now think that a rather more careful and complete study of this subject might throw further light not only on the political history of the reign, but on other problems connected with the character and work of the English episcopate. There is a general impression that in England in the later middle ages the bishops' ties with their dioceses were becoming less close, and that they were normally spending less time in diocesan work than their predecessors in the thirteenth century.

Social transmission bias and the cultural evolution of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hirshleifer ◽  
Siew Hong Teoh
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Social Transmission ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Economic Attitudes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Over Time

AbstractEvolved dispositions influence, but do not determine, how people think about economic problems. The evolutionary cognitive approach offers important insights but underweights the social transmission of ideas as a level of explanation. The need for asocialexplanation for the evolution of economic attitudes is evidenced, for example, by immense variations in folk-economic beliefs over time and across individuals.

Individual differences, social attention, and the history of the social motivation hypotheses of autism

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Mundy
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Social Attention ◽  
Social Emotional Development ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Abstract The stereotype of people with autism as unresponsive or uninterested in other people was prominent in the 1980s. However, this view of autism has steadily given way to recognition of important individual differences in the social-emotional development of affected people and a more precise understanding of the possible role social motivation has in their early development.

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