The Speech-to-Song Illusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 151-169
Author(s):  
Diana Deutsch
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scientific Thinking ◽  
Musical Ability ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
Musical Context

Chapter 10 begins with the author’s discovery that a phrase she had enunciated—“Sometimes behave so strangely”—when presented repeatedly, came to be heard as sung rather than spoken. This illusion is presented as a sound example. It shows that speech can be perceptually transformed into song without altering the sounds in any way, or by adding any musical context, but simply by repeating a phrase several times over. The speech-to-song illusion, as Deutsch named it, has no obvious explanation in terms of current scientific thinking about the neural underpinnings of speech and music. Many researchers believe that speech and music are each analyzed in independent modules, based on their physical characteristics. This view was supported by studies of stroke patients, some of whom lost their power of speech while their musical abilities remained intact, whereas others lost aspects of musical ability while their speech remained normal. In contrast, philosophers and composers throughout the ages have argued that a continuum extends from ordinary speech at one end to song at the other, with emotional and heavily intoned speech in between. Some recent brain-scanning studies have supported the idea that speech and song are subserved by the same circuitry, while others have shown that song involves more brain regions than speech. Evidence for these different views are currently being debated, but the exact explanation for the speech-to-song illusion remains a mystery.

Neural Underpinnings of Numerical and Spatial Cognition: An fMRI Meta-Analysis of Brain Regions Associated with Symbolic Number, Arithmetic, and Mental Rotation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Hawes ◽  
H Moriah Sokolowski ◽  
Chuka Bosah Ononye ◽  
Daniel Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Number Representation ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
The Right ◽  
Symbolic Number

Where and under what conditions do spatial and numerical skills converge and diverge in the brain? To address this question, we conducted a meta-analysis of brain regions associated with basic symbolic number processing, arithmetic, and mental rotation. We used Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) to construct quantitative meta-analytic maps synthesizing results from 86 neuroimaging papers (~ 30 studies/cognitive process). All three cognitive processes were found to activate bilateral parietal regions in and around the intraparietal sulcus (IPS); a finding consistent with shared processing accounts. Numerical and arithmetic processing were associated with overlap in the left angular gyrus, whereas mental rotation and arithmetic both showed activity in the middle frontal gyri. These patterns suggest regions of cortex potentially more specialized for symbolic number representation and domain-general mental manipulation, respectively. Additionally, arithmetic was associated with unique activity throughout the fronto-parietal network and mental rotation was associated with unique activity in the right superior parietal lobe. Overall, these results provide new insights into the intersection of numerical and spatial thought in the human brain.

scholarly journals Antagonism between brain regions relevant for cognitive control and emotional memory facilitates the generation of humorous ideas

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Bitsch ◽  
Philipp Berger ◽  
Andreas Fink ◽  
Arne Nagels ◽  
Benjamin Straube ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Frontal Brain ◽  
Successful Resolution ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe ability to generate humor gives rise to positive emotions and thus facilitate the successful resolution of adversity. Although there is consensus that inhibitory processes might be related to broaden the way of thinking, the neural underpinnings of these mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we use functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a humorous alternative uses task and a stroop task, to investigate the brain mechanisms underlying the emergence of humorous ideas in 24 subjects. Neuroimaging results indicate that greater cognitive control abilities are associated with increased activation in the amygdala, the hippocampus and the superior and medial frontal gyrus during the generation of humorous ideas. Examining the neural mechanisms more closely shows that the hypoactivation of frontal brain regions is associated with an hyperactivation in the amygdala and vice versa. This antagonistic connectivity is concurrently linked with an increased number of humorous ideas and enhanced amygdala responses during the task. Our data therefore suggests that a neural antagonism previously related to the emergence and regulation of negative affective responses, is linked with the generation of emotionally positive ideas and may represent an important neural pathway supporting mental health.

scholarly journals The neural underpinnings of facial emotion recognition in ischemic stroke patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils S. Berg ◽  
Edward H. F. Haan ◽  
Rients B. Huitema ◽  
Jacoba M. Spikman ◽  
Frank Erik Leeuw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Facial Emotion Recognition ◽  
Facial Emotion ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Neural Underpinnings

Abstract W P211: Clinical Characteristics of Pseudo Negative Cases in Prehospital Triage for Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuichi Tonomura
Keyword(s):  
Acute Stroke ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Stroke Onset ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Vessel ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Stroke Subtypes ◽  
Prehospital Triage ◽  
Prehospital Diagnosis

Objective: The accuracy of prehospital diagnosis for stroke by emergency medical services (EMS) is improved using instruments for symptom recognition. On the other hand, prehospital misdiagnosis for stroke and subsequent delay in presentation to a hospital with stroke expertise play a critical role in the exclusion of potential therapeutic candidates. Our study aims to investigate the clinical characteristics of pseudo-negative cases in prehospital triage for stroke/TIA by EMS. Methods: From April 2013 to April 2014, consecutive 644 acute stroke patients were transferred by EMS to our hospital. We investigated prehospital diagnosis, Cincinnati prehospital stroke scale (CPSS) by EMS, neurological symptoms and complaints of patients themselves at stroke onset. We also examined activity of daily life (ADL) and cognitive impairments before stroke onset, and stroke subtypes in final diagnoses. Results: Among 644 acute stroke patients, 36 patients (22 men, mean 72.5±4.4 years old) were pseudo-negative cases in prehospital triage for stroke and had no abnormalities in CPSS by EMS. When EMS arrived at emergency site, 12 patients (33%) had loss of consciousness. Before stroke onset, 6 patients (17%) had impaired ADL (modified Rankin Scale >2), and 5 (14%) cognitive impairment. Among the stroke subtypes, the proportion of small vessel occlusion (22.4%, p=0.0025) and transient ischemic attack (TIA) (25%, p=0.0021) was significant higher in pseudo negative cases in prehospital triage; on the other hand, intracranial hemorrage (11%, p=0.0028) was lower. In complaint of patients themselves at stroke onset, weakness in one or two extremities was reported in 20 patients (56%), abnormal speech/language in 13 (36%), however all of them were not clarified by EMS. Conclusion: This study showed that small vessel occlusion and TIA tend to be misdiagnosed in a prehospital triage by EMS. The complaint of patients themselves at stroke onset is important to prehospital diagnoses by EMS.

scholarly journals How Do We See The Non Luminous Objects? 12-13 Years Old Students’ Mental Representation of Vision

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Ravanis
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Scientific Thinking ◽  
Teaching Intervention ◽  
Reflection Of Light ◽  
Luminous Objects ◽  
The One

In this paper, we present the findings of a research which has two objectives: firstly, it recorded 12-13 years old (7th grade) students’ mental representation regarding the vision of non-luminous objects, and, secondly, it emphasized on the relative cognitive fields. The research was done through interviews of 107 urban area students in Greece. The students were asked to explain how objects become visible, stressing the following themes: The manner in which our eyes help us see the objects, whether natural or artificial light helps us see the objects and in what way, and if the objects emit light. The data analysis led to the recording of the students' basic mental representation on the one hand, while on the other hand emphasized the reemission or reflection of light by the luminous objects as a basic mental representation.From the research results, it can be concluded that through a teaching intervention based on mental representation we can foster and enhance scientific thinking and learning about light and vision. 

scholarly journals THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LOCATION OF BRAIN LESION AND FINDINGS OF FLEXIBLE ENDOSCOPIC EVALUATION OF SWALLOWING (FEES) IN STROKE PATIENTS: WHICH EXERCISE IS BENEFICIAL?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Widjajalaksmi Kusumaningsih ◽  
Nur Indah Lestari ◽  
Herdiman Purba
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cortical Lesion ◽  
Neurogenic Dysphagia ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Subcortical Lesion ◽  
Strengthening Exercise

Abstract Background: Dysphagia is a frequent occurrence following stroke. Various brain regions have been shown to control deglutition. However, it is still controversial as to which of the two hemispheres plays more important role in deglutition, and which injured hemisphere is more likely to cause the specific patterns of dysphagia seen in stroke patients. An accurate estimate of the incidence of dysphagia will be critical to assess benefits of dysphagia interventions. Objective: To investigate whether patterns of dysphagia are associated with the location of brain lesion in stroke patients and to examine whether pharyngeal strengthening exercise and hyolaryngeal exercise are proper for patients, based on the findings of FEES and location of brain lesion. Methods: The subjects were stroke outpatients who visited our clinic from January 2016 to April 2018. To localize brain lesion, Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) have been employed. The locations of brain lesions were classified into cortical, subcortical, and brain stem. FEES was conducted to assess the patterns of deglutition disorders. These data were collected via retrospective chart review. Results: Of the 11 subjects, mean age (SD) was 62.73 (8.67) years and seven (63.64%) subjects were male. All subjects got ischemic stroke, eight (72.73%) had right hemispheric lesion and three (27.27%) had left hemispheric lesion. By brain lesion, there were nine subcortical, five cortical, and four brain stem lesions. All FEES findings, especially standing secretion, penetration, residue, and reduced hypopharynx sensitivity were higher in subcortical lesion, followed by brain stem and cortical lesion successively. Conclusion: Right hemisphere was involved more than left hemisphere in dysphagia patients. Standing secretion, penetration, residue, and reduced hypopharynx sensitivity occurs more often in subcortical lesion. Further studies on big samples in a perspective structure are needed. Based on this result, there is a place for pharyngeal strengthening exercise and hyolaryngeal complex range of motion and strengthening exercise to be implemented to the patients with neurogenic dysphagia after stroke.

Abstract P184: Effect of Acute Stroke Care Hospital Networks in Korea

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihoon Kang ◽  
Seong Eun Kim ◽  
Hyunjoo Song ◽  
Hee-joon Bae
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Acute Stroke ◽  
Stroke Care ◽  
The Other ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Initial Visit ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Acute Stroke Care ◽  
Hospital Networks

Purpose: Stroke patients generally transport stroke patients either to nearest stroke hospital with secondary transfers or to hub hospitals in selective cases. This study aimed to determine the stroke community of close networks and to evaluate their role for the access the endovascular treatment (EVT). Methods: Using the nationwide acute stroke hospital (ASH) surveillance data assessed the major quality indicators of all stroke patients of South Korea, triage information both initial visit and secondary interhospital transfers were extracted according to the hospitals. Based on them, stroke community with dense linkages were partitioned using the network-based Louvain algorithm. The hierarchical model estimated the function of stroke community for the EVT. Results: For 6-month surveying period, 19113 subjects admitted to the 246 ASHs. Of them, 1831 (9.6%) were transferred from 763 adjacent facilities not ASH, while 1283 (6.7%) from the other ASHs. The algorithm determined the 113 stroke communities where composed median 7 hospitals (2 ASHs and 5 adjacent facilities) and treated about 30 subjects per month. Most of communities formed the spindle shape with higher centralization index and located within 150 Km (Figure). Stroke communities significantly affected 11% of EVT after adjustments. Conclusions: Network analysis method effectively contoured the high centralizing stroke communities and helped the functions on the EVT accessibility.

Changes in synaptic density in the subacute phase after ischemic stroke: A 11C-UCB-J PET/MR study

2021 ◽  
pp. 0271678X2110477
Author(s):  
Laura Michiels ◽  
Nathalie Mertens ◽  
Liselot Thijs ◽  
Ahmed Radwan ◽  
Stefan Sunaert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Standardized Uptake Value ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Synaptic Density ◽  
Positron Emission

Functional alterations after ischemic stroke have been described with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and perfusion Positron Emission Tomography (PET), but no data on in vivo synaptic changes exist. Recently, imaging of synaptic density became available by targeting synaptic vesicle protein 2 A, a protein ubiquitously expressed in all presynaptic nerve terminals. We hypothesized that in subacute ischemic stroke loss of synaptic density can be evaluated with 11C-UCB-J PET in the ischemic tissue and that alterations in synaptic density can be present in brain regions beyond the ischemic core. We recruited ischemic stroke patients to undergo 11C-UCB-J PET/MR imaging 21 ± 8 days after stroke onset to investigate regional 11C-UCB-J SUVR (standardized uptake value ratio). There was a decrease (but residual signal) of 11C-UCB-J SUVR within the lesion of 16 stroke patients compared to 40 healthy controls (ratiolesion/controls = 0.67 ± 0.28, p = 0.00023). Moreover, 11C-UCB-J SUVR was lower in the non-lesioned tissue of the affected hemisphere compared to the unaffected hemisphere (ΔSUVR = −0.17, p = 0.0035). The contralesional cerebellar hemisphere showed a lower 11C-UCB-J SUVR compared to the ipsilesional cerebellar hemisphere (ΔSUVR = −0.14, p = 0.0048). In 8 out of 16 patients, the asymmetry index suggested crossed cerebellar diaschisis. Future research is required to longitudinally study these changes in synaptic density and their association with outcome.

On the Principles of Imagination and Creativity

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-62
Author(s):  
Rajashree Chaurasia
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
High Level ◽  
Creativity And Innovation

Human beings are the only mammals to be able to utilize high-level cognitive functions to build knowledge, innovate, and communicate their complex ideas. Imagination, creativity, and innovation are interlinked in the sense that one leads to the other. This chapter details the concepts of imagery, imagination, and creativity and their inter-relationships in the first section. Next, the author discusses the historical perspectives of imagination pertaining to the accounts of famous philosophers and psychologists like Aristotle, Kant, Hume, Descartes, Sartre, Husserl, and Wittgenstein. Section 3 and 4 present the neuro-biological correlates of imagination and creativity, respectively. Brain regions, neuronal circuits, genetic basis, as well as the evolutionary perspective of imagination and creativity are elicited in these sections. Finally, creativity and innovation are explored as to how they will contribute to knowledge build-up and advances in science, engineering, and business in the fourth industrial revolution and the imagination age.

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