The Discourse Presentation Model So Far

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-54
Author(s):  
Beatrix Busse
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Narrative Fiction ◽  
Qualitative Investigation ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Automatic Coding ◽  
Narrative Progression

The second chapter discusses Semino and Short’s (2004) model of discourse presentation and adapts it for the study of 19th-century narrative fiction; the chapter presents a state-of-the-art overview of relevant research on discourse presentation in narrative fiction, including Sinclair’s concept of “trusting the text,” and Toolan’s (2009, 2016) concept of narrative progression. The chapter outlines first the main objectives of the study as comprising a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the types of speech, writing, and thought presentation in a corpus of 19th-century English narrative fiction, their distribution and functions; second, the development of a new methodology for investigating discourse presentation in historical data in order to enable diachronic comparison; third, the development of a tool for the automatic coding of discourse presentation on the basis of characteristic lexico-grammatical patterns; and finally, a qualitative investigation of the interplay between narration and modes of discourse presentation and their narratological function.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Beatrix Busse
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Narrative Fiction ◽  
Qualitative Investigation ◽  
Presentation Modes ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Corpus Stylistics ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

In her introductory chapter, the author specifies the aims of the study and its theoretical background. Basing her approach on Leech and Short’s (1981) and Semino and Short’s (2004) categories of discourse presentation, she further develops their model to suit 19th-century fiction and to enable corpus annotation for quantitative next to qualitative investigation, in order to allow for systematically investigating the previously impressionistic observations about discourse presentation modes in historical English on a sound empirical basis. She further outlines how her corpus-stylistic approach will be enriched by contextualization to address the portrayal of subjectivity as well as diachronic pragmatic differences between 19th- and 20th-century narrative fiction. Defining the key issues in her approach of New Historical Stylistics, the study is to provide new insights into the nature of 19th-century narrative fiction that are useful for corpus stylistics, text-linguistics, historical linguistics and pragmatics, as well as narratology and literary criticism.

Speech, Writing, and Thought Presentation in 19th-Century Narrative Fiction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrix Busse
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Jane Eyre ◽  
Narrative Fiction ◽  
Narrative Strategies ◽  
Historical Discourse ◽  
Wuthering Heights ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Narrative Progression

The present study investigates speech, writing, and thought presentation in a corpus of 19th-century narrative fiction including, for instance, the novels Frankenstein, Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights, Oliver Twist, and many others. All narratives typically contain a reference to or a quotation of someone’s speech, thoughts, or writing. These reports further a narrative, make it more interesting, natural, and vivid, ask the reader to engage with it, and, from a historical point of view, also reflect cultural understandings of the modes of discourse presentation. To a large extent, the way a reader perceives a story depends upon the ways discourse is presented, and among these, speech, writing, and thought, which reflect a character’s disposition and state of mind. Being at the intersection of linguistic and literary stylistics, this study develops a new corpus-stylistic approach for systematically analyzing the different narrative strategies of historical discourse presentation in key pieces of 19th-century narrative fiction, thus identifying diachronic patterns as well as unique authorial styles, and places them within their cultural-historical context. It shows that the presentation of characters’ minds reflects an ideological as well as an epistemological concern about what cannot be reported, portrayed, or narrated and that discourse presentation fulfills the narratological functions of prospection and encapsulation, marks narrative progression, and shapes readers’ expectations as to suspense or surprise.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 195-198
Author(s):  
Beatrix Busse
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Narrative Fiction ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Social Mind ◽  
And Function ◽  
Narrative Progression ◽  
The Way

The final chapter summarizes the results from the study and presents directions for future research. The study has illustrated that speech, writing, and thought presentation in 19th-century narrative fiction works in a variety of modes and plays a crucial role in establishing, reflecting, and construing a social mind in action. This construal affects both intra- and intertextual dimensions, including readers and their processing as well as theoretical concerns of interpretation and methodological issues of analysis. The study has done pioneer work in the way it uses the analysis of keywords and repetitive patterns as basis for a tool that automatically annotates speech, writing, and thought presentation in digitized corpora. It has furthermore shown how repetitive patterns on all levels of discourse contribute to characterization and function as a means of narrative progression.

Umbral Calculus

10.37236/24 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Di Bucchianico ◽  
D. Loeb
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Finite Differences ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Umbral Calculus ◽  
Current State ◽  
Logical Foundation ◽  
Complete Bibliography ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Mathematical Literature

We survey the mathematical literature on umbral calculus (otherwise known as the calculus of finite differences) from its roots in the 19th century (and earlier) as a set of “magic rules” for lowering and raising indices, through its rebirth in the 1970’s as Rota’s school set it on a firm logical foundation using operator methods, to the current state of the art with numerous generalizations and applications. The survey itself is complemented by a fairly complete bibliography (over 500 references) which we expect to update regularly.

Bonobos

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

This is a comprehensive, illustrated catalogue of the 200+ marine chronometers in the collections of Royal Museums Greenwich. Every chronometer has been completely dismantled, studied and recorded, and illustrations include especially commissioned line drawings as well as photographs. The collection is also used to illustrate a newly researched and up-to-date chapter describing the history of the marine chronometer, so the book is much more than simply a catalogue. The history chapter naturally includes the story of John Harrison’s pioneering work in creating the first practical marine timekeepers, all four of which are included in the catalogue, newly photographed and described in minute detail for the first time. In fact full technical and historical data are provided for all of the marine chronometers in the collection, to an extent never before attempted, including biographical details of every maker represented. A chapter describes how the 19th century English chronometer was manufactured, and another provides comprehensive and logically arranged information on how to assess and date a given marine chronometer, something collectors and dealers find particularly difficult. For further help in identification of chronometers, appendices include a pictorial record of the number punches used by specific makers to number their movements, and the maker’s punches used by the rough movement makers. There is also a close-up pictorial guide to the various compensation balances used in chronometers in the collection, a technical Glossary of terms used in the catalogue text and a concordance of the various inventory numbers used in the collection over the years.

scholarly journals Machine Learning for Landslides Prevention: A Survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengjing Ma ◽  
Gang Mei
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
Comprehensive Survey

Landslides are one of the most critical categories of natural disasters worldwide and induce severely destructive outcomes to human life and the overall economic system. To reduce its negative effects, landslides prevention has become an urgent task, which includes investigating landslide-related information and predicting potential landslides. Machine learning is a state-of-the-art analytics tool that has been widely used in landslides prevention. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of relevant research on machine learning applied in landslides prevention, mainly focusing on (1) landslides detection based on images, (2) landslides susceptibility assessment, and (3) the development of landslide warning systems. Moreover, this paper discusses the current challenges and potential opportunities in the application of machine learning algorithms for landslides prevention.

SECOND MILLENNIUM B.C. CHRONOLOGY AND THE ‘GREAT SETTLEMENT SHANG’ (14TH–11TH CENTURIES B.C.): INTRODUCTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 86-95
Author(s):  
Marina Е. Kuznetsova-Fetisova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Political History ◽  
Henan Province ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
First Time ◽  
Political Figure ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

Second half of the II millennium B.C. can be considered as the time when the first writing system appeared in East Asia in the form of oracle bone inscriptions jiagu wen (甲骨文). For the first time those inscriptions sparked academic interest and received recognition at the end of 19th century, though their place of origin remained a mystery for some time. At the end of the 1920s Archaeological department of Institute of History and Philology Academia Sinica initiated archaeological excavations near modern city of Anyang, Henan province, PRC, because it was implied that the oracle bones with inscriptions had originated there. Archaeological excavations reveled a great ancient center in Anyang, including a cult center, workshops, and cemeteries including royal necropolis. Due to the fact that names of rulers, known from the transmitted texts, were often mentioned in those inscriptions, it was possible to identify the site as the last capital of Shang-Yin dynasty, so-called ‘Great Settlement Shang’ (14th–11th centuries B.C.). All these make the complex rather unique for its time, as it gives us a chance to connect pre-historical and historical data. Researchers managed to determine two relative chronologies (based on archaeological and epigraphic sources) and later to interconnect them and relate to the events mentioned in transmitted texts on early political history. Still, there is a number of problems in correlating those relative chronologies with absolute dates. Up to now the greatest project to coordinate chronology of the II millennium B.C. has been the project “Chronology of the Three Dynasties: Xia–Shang–Zhou” in 1996–2000, initiated by the Chinese political figure Song Jiang. Regardless of some international criticism of the projects’ results, a great number of scholars make use of them in their studies.

Discovering the Past for Yourself

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka Tyrkkö
Keyword(s):  
Historical Data ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The State ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Digital Pedagogy ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Corpus Tools

This chapter outlines the state of the art in corpus-based language teaching and digital pedagogy, focusing on the differences between using corpora with present-day and historical data. The basic concepts of corpus-based research such as representativeness, frequency, and statistical significance can be introduced to students who are new to corpus methods, and the application of these concepts to the history of English can deepen students’ understanding of how historical varieties of the language are researched. This chapter will also address some of the key challenges particular to teaching the history of English using corpora, such as dealing with the seemingly counterintuitive findings, non-standard features, and small datasets. Finally, following an overview of available historical corpora and corpus tools, several practical examples of corpus-driven activities will be discussed in detail, with suggestions and ideas on how a teacher might prepare and run corpus-based lessons.

Oops! I Shrunk the Sample Covariance Matrix Again: Blockbuster Meets Shrinkage

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca De Nard
Keyword(s):  
Covariance Matrix ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Asset Returns ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Shrinkage Estimator ◽  
Sample Covariance ◽  
Optimal Linear ◽  
Asset Classes

Abstract Existing shrinkage techniques struggle to model the covariance matrix of asset returns in the presence of multiple-asset classes. Therefore, we introduce a Blockbuster shrinkage estimator that clusters the covariance matrix accordingly. Besides the definition and derivation of a new asymptotically optimal linear shrinkage estimator, we propose an adaptive Blockbuster algorithm that clusters the covariance matrix even if the (number of) asset classes are unknown and change over time. It displays superior all-around performance on historical data against a variety of state-of-the-art linear shrinkage competitors. Additionally, we find that for small- and medium-sized investment universes the proposed estimator outperforms even recent nonlinear shrinkage techniques. Hence, this new estimator can be used to deliver more efficient portfolio selection and detection of anomalies in the cross-section of asset returns. Furthermore, due to the general structure of the proposed Blockbuster shrinkage estimator, the application is not restricted to financial problems.

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