Designing Research and Action

2019 ◽  
pp. 177-196
Author(s):  
Brian D. Christens
Keyword(s):  
Design Principles ◽  
Creative Design ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Context Specific

Taking account of the holistic framework for empowerment processes and outcomes developed in previous chapters, this chapter provides recommendations in the form of a set of design principles that can apply to both empowerment research and the various forms of praxis that seek to catalyze, sustain, and multiply empowerment processes. Although there are common concepts that can guide and inform research and action, creative design is needed to tailor efforts for specific local contexts, issues of concern, and questions. The principles offered in this chapter are therefore intended to provide a set of recommendations for translating the frameworks that are the primary focus of the book into context-specific plans for action and research.

scholarly journals Increasing Outreach and Expanding Inclusion: Community-Based Educational Gerontology

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 540-540
Author(s):  
Jennifer Sasser
Keyword(s):  
Community College ◽  
Interest Group ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Creative Design ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Educational Pathways ◽  
Educational Gerontology

Abstract Gerontologists have the opportunity to step into an increasingly significant role as public educators who convene gatherings focused on expanding aging awareness and literacy, inter-generational inquiry and collaboration, and age inclusion, equity and justice. The purpose of this presentation is to share creative design principles and keen take-aways from several ongoing community-based educational interventions connected to these themes. As well, we will discuss the role such public-facing initiatives might play in making a compelling case for the importance of supporting and participating in various kinds of formal educational pathways in the field of aging. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Community College Interest Group.

scholarly journals Poor availability of context-specific evidence hampers decision-making in conservation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alec P. Christie ◽  
Tatsuya Amano ◽  
Philip A. Martin ◽  
Silviu O. Petrovan ◽  
Gorm E. Shackelford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Step Change ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Bird Conservation ◽  
Robust Designs ◽  
Relevant Evidence ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Conservation Interventions

AbstractEvidence-based conservation relies on robust and relevant evidence. Practitioners often prefer locally relevant studies whose results are more likely to be transferable to the context of planned conservation interventions. To quantify the availability of relevant evidence for amphibian and bird conservation we reviewed Conservation Evidence, a database of quantitative tests of conservation interventions. Studies were geographically clustered and found at extremely low densities - fewer than one study was present within a 2,000 km radius of a given location. The availability of relevant evidence was extremely low when we restricted studies to those studying biomes or taxonomic orders containing high percentages of threatened species, compared to the most frequently studied biomes and taxonomic orders. Further constraining the evidence by study design showed that only 17-20% of amphibian and bird studies used robust designs. Our results highlight the paucity of evidence on the effectiveness of conservation interventions, and the disparity in evidence for local contexts that are frequently studied and those where conservation needs are greatest. Addressing the serious global shortfall in context-specific evidence requires a step change in the frequency of testing conservation interventions, greater use of robust study designs and standardized metrics, and methodological advances to analyze patchy evidence bases.

scholarly journals Periphery as Context: Enlightenment Influences Towards Conceptual Change in Polish-Lithuanian Political Thinking in the Later 18th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-40
Author(s):  
Vilius Mačkinis
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Change ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Political Thinking ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Local Improvement ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
History Approach ◽  
Context Specific

The specific political culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its changes, leading to state reforms by the end of the 18th century, require a methodological approach, which would allow understanding the flow and interconnectedness of the ideas between wider European and smaller local contexts. Arguing that entangled history approach allows understanding peripheral contexts better, the article presents specific aspects of the Polish-Lithuanian Enlightenment creating the context for conceptual change in political thinking. The context specific details are presented with the analysis of Vilnius University related discourse showing that the Enlightenment ideas were used to achieve certain goals of local improvement.

scholarly journals Domestic Abuse, Suicide and Liability for Manslaughter: In Pursuit of Justice for Victims

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-292
Author(s):  
Anne Lodge
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Domestic Abuse ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Moral Culpability ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Criminal Conduct

There is significant debate about the attribution of criminal responsibility for involuntary manslaughter to a defendant who has subjected a victim to a protracted campaign of emotional abuse (falling short of psychiatric injury), where the victim has consequently taken their own life. By virtue of it having been subjected to the most comprehensive judicial and academic scrutiny in this context, the primary focus of this discussion is on the applicability of the unlawful act manslaughter offence to the circumstances described above. The offence requires proof that the victim was placed at risk of some harm by virtue of the defendant’s criminal conduct and that the abusive conduct significantly contributed to the victim’s death. The accused does not have to foresee or intend the victim’s death, and while the imposition of criminal responsibility for serious homicide offences in cases where the defendant displays no subjective advertence to the risk of death has long been controversial, it is nonetheless well established in English and Welsh criminal law. Therefore, assuming satisfaction of the requisite offence elements, there is arguably no principled reason to deny the extension of liability to domestic abuse-induced suicide cases. It is proposed that a more progressive and transparent approach to the interpretation of the unlawful act manslaughter offence requirements provides the most appropriate means of securing prosecutions in deserving cases, although alternative options for the imposition of liability—the offence of gross negligence manslaughter and the creation of a context-specific homicide offence—are also acknowledged. It is argued that the constructive manslaughter offence label reflects both the moral culpability of the perpetrator’s patterned and invasive conduct and the exceptional gravity of the harm caused by non-physical domestic abuse.

A peek in the micro-sized world: a review of design principles, engineering tools, and applications of engineered microbial community

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-409
Author(s):  
Baizhen Gao ◽  
Rushant Sabnis ◽  
Tommaso Costantini ◽  
Robert Jinkerson ◽  
Qing Sun
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
New Gene ◽  
Global Biogeochemical Cycles ◽  
Synthetic Microbial Communities

Microbial communities drive diverse processes that impact nearly everything on this planet, from global biogeochemical cycles to human health. Harnessing the power of these microorganisms could provide solutions to many of the challenges that face society. However, naturally occurring microbial communities are not optimized for anthropogenic use. An emerging area of research is focusing on engineering synthetic microbial communities to carry out predefined functions. Microbial community engineers are applying design principles like top-down and bottom-up approaches to create synthetic microbial communities having a myriad of real-life applications in health care, disease prevention, and environmental remediation. Multiple genetic engineering tools and delivery approaches can be used to ‘knock-in' new gene functions into microbial communities. A systematic study of the microbial interactions, community assembling principles, and engineering tools are necessary for us to understand the microbial community and to better utilize them. Continued analysis and effort are required to further the current and potential applications of synthetic microbial communities.

What Does It Mean to Be Social? Defining the Social Landscape for Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 843-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Tarshis ◽  
Michelle Garcia Winner ◽  
Pamela Crooke
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Social Goals ◽  
Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Childhood Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Social Competencies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Landscape ◽  
Communication Challenges ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Speech Motor

Purpose What does it mean to be social? In addition, how is that different from behaving socially appropriately? The purpose of this clinical focus article is to tackle these two questions along with taking a deeper look into how communication challenges in childhood apraxia of speech impact social competencies for young children. Through the lens of early social development and social competency, this clinical focus article will explore how speech motor challenges can impact social development and what happens when young learners miss early opportunities to grow socially. While not the primary focus, the clinical focus article will touch upon lingering issues for individuals diagnosed with childhood apraxia of speech as they enter the school-aged years. Conclusion Finally, it will address some foundational aspects of intervention and offer ideas and suggestions for structuring therapy to address both speech and social goals.

Audiology Service Models in a Family Physician Practice Setting

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sridhar Krishnamurti
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Practice Patterns ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Practice Setting ◽  
Pediatric Populations ◽  
Family Practice Physicians ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Balance Problems

This article illustrates the potential of placing audiology services in a family physician’s practice setting to increase referrals of geriatric and pediatric patients to audiologists. The primary focus of family practice physicians is the diagnosis/intervention of critical systemic disorders (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer). Hence concurrent hearing/balance disorders are likely to be overshadowed in such patients. If audiologists get referrals from these physicians and have direct access to diagnose and manage concurrent hearing/balance problems in these patients, successful audiology practice patterns will emerge, and there will be increased visibility and profitability of audiological services. As a direct consequence, audiological services will move into the mainstream of healthcare delivery, and the profession of audiology will move further towards its goals of early detection and intervention for hearing and balance problems in geriatric and pediatric populations.

Validation of the Procrastination at Work Scale

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 767-776
Author(s):  
U. Baran Metin ◽  
Toon W. Taris ◽  
Maria C. W. Peeters ◽  
Max Korpinen ◽  
Urška Smrke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Work Engagement ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Psychometric Characteristics ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Negative Links ◽  
Office Employees

Abstract. Procrastination at work has been examined relatively scarcely, partly due to the lack of a globally validated and context-specific workplace procrastination scale. This study investigates the psychometric characteristics of the Procrastination at Work Scale (PAWS) among 1,028 office employees from seven countries, namely, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Finland, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom. Specifically, it was aimed to test the measurement invariance of the PAWS and explore its discriminant validity by examining its relationships with work engagement and performance. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis shows that the basic factor structure and item loadings of the PAWS are invariant across countries. Furthermore, the two subdimensions of procrastination at work exhibited different patterns of relationships with work engagement and performance. Whereas soldiering was negatively related to work engagement and task performance, cyberslacking was unrelated to engagement and performance. These results indicate further validity evidence for the PAWS and the psychometric characteristics show invariance across various countries/languages. Moreover, workplace procrastination, especially soldiering, is a problematic behavior that shows negative links with work engagement and performance.

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