The Spatial Reproduction of Inequality
Chapter 5 turns to a more immutable element of biography that also defines the typical do-it-yourselfer: most are white, middle-class men and thus operate from a position of considerable privilege in society, including in public space and in interactions with authority. People of color and people from low-income communities, on the other hand, are heavily disincentivized from participating in activities that skirt legal boundaries due to common societal prejudices and inequality. Some informal urbanisms occur in communities worldwide (and among under-served communities in certain contexts), but members of legally vulnerable groups in American cities are less likely to break the law to make local streetscape improvements, even though their communities often need official investment. Interventions by privileged do-it-yourselfers and the cultural values they represent, while more appealing to authorities, can provoke unwelcoming receptions and unintended consequences in the communities they aim to improve.