The Black Middle Class in White Space

2019 ◽  
pp. 17-37
Author(s):  
Tina K. Sacks

This chapter describes and analyzes the Black middle class in the United States with a particular focus on how this group fares in healthcare settings. The author defines the term “Black middle class,” including data on the group’s economic well-being. The chapter argues that American healthcare institutions are best characterized as predominantly White institutions in which Black people are vulnerable to stereotyping and structural discrimination. The author describes the concept of stereotype threat and health-related stereotype threat, applies it to the study of health disparities among the Black middle class, and emphasizes implications for Black women. The chapter also presents empirical research on how racial stereotyping, allostatic load, and stress negatively affect Black people’s health.

Author(s):  
Tina K. Sacks

Although the United States spends almost one-fifth of all its resources on funding healthcare, the American system is dogged by persistent inequities in the treatment of racial and ethnic minorities and women. Invisible Visits analyzes how Black women navigate the complexities of dealing with doctors in this environment. It challenges the idea that race and gender discrimination, particularly in healthcare settings, is a thing of the past. In telling the stories of Black women who are middle class, Invisible Visits also questions the persistent myth that discrimination only affects racial minorities who are poor. In so doing, Invisible Visits expands our understanding of how Black middle-class women are treated when they go to the doctor and why they continue to face inequities in securing proper medical care. The book also analyzes the strategies Black women use to fight for the best treatment and the toll that these adaptations take on their health. Invisible Visits shines a light on how women perceive the persistently negative stereotypes that follow them into the exam room and makes the bold claim that simply providing more cultural competency or anti-bias training to doctors is insufficient to overcome the problem. For Americans to really address these challenges, we must first reckon with how deeply embedded discrimination is in our prized institutions, including healthcare. Invisible Visits tells the story of Black women in their own words and forces us to consider their experiences in the context of America’s fraught history of structural discrimination.


Author(s):  
Onoso Imoagene

In the conclusion, I rearticulate the main points of beyond racialization theory. I discuss what the experiences of the adult second generation of Nigerian ancestry in the United States and Britain reveal about the intersections of race, class, national origin, and ethnicity in these countries. I discuss what their experiences tell us about the future of the color line and understandings of blackness in the United States and Britain. The experiences of the second generation of Nigerian ancestry show that the ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic diversity among black people is being recognized and increasingly so. Their experiences suggest that their presence in the black middle class in both countries has the potential to change the largely negative ways black people are viewed and possibly help redefine what it means to be black in these two countries.


2020 ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
Michael D. Yates

As the long history, right to the present day, of police and vigilante violence against black people has shown with great clarity, the racial chasm between black and white people in the United States lives on. A few black men and women have climbed into the 1 percent, and a sizable African-American middle class now exists. But by every measure of social well-being, black Americans fare much worse than their white counterparts. Just as for the economic, political, and social distance between capitalists and workers, so too is there a differential between black and white people, for these same interconnected components of daily life continue because of the way our system is structured.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 106-111
Author(s):  
Jasmin Tahmaseb McConatha

Older men and women have been found to be more vulnerable to negative outcomes should they contract Covid19, particularly if they also have comorbid conditions such as type 2 diabetes. Cultural, racial, ethnic, and social class differences exist in vulnerability to Covid19 and in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. In the United States, for example, diabetes rates for minority and immigrant populations are higher than for non-Hispanic whites. During the a social health crisis, it is helpful to explore the ways that illness management and associated vulnerability influences the ways that minority elders attempt to maintain and promote their well-being. This paper presents a case study example of an older immigrant woman, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, and her struggle to manage her illness during a pandemic. The risk of developing diabetes in the United States is 3 to 1 and risks increase with age (American Diabetes Association, 2020).  Almost 50 % of black women as well as Hispanic men and women will develop diabetes in their lifetime (CDC, 2019). Disparities such as these have their origin in intersecting risk factors such as health care and lifestyle factors such as tress, poverty, weight, diet, and exercise patterns. Being a member of an ethnic minority and being overweight are the two significant factors associated with the onset of type 2 diabetes. During the coronavirus epidemic, these same factors also increase the risk for infection and for greater complications, even death as a result of infection (Society for Women’s Health Research, 2020). This essay illustrates the increased vulnerability and challenges including loneliness facing older women with type 2 diabetes during pandemic isolation.    


2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Franklin Gil Hernández

Resumen: En este artículo se presentan diversasreflexiones sobre las representaciones mediáticas de laspersonas negras de clase media y alta en las páginas sociales.Éstas parecen ser correlatos de la idea propuestapor Fanon (1968): “para el negro, sólo hay un destino.Y ese destino es blanco” (p. 6). Por un lado, el libretofantasioso del éxito negro se concentra en resaltar laexcepcionalidad: el ascenso social y la pertenencia ala clase media y alta no es ‘natural’ de lo ‘negro’, es unaccidente propiciado por la fortuna, la casualidad o unesfuerzo y sacrificios inusuales. Por el otro, el conceptosexualizado de ‘belleza negra’ parece centrarse en laidea de la blanquitud como capital cultural incorporado,refuerza la existencia de la ‘raza’ y muestra la capacidaddel capitalismo para aprovechar la valoración de las diferenciaspropuesta por el multiculturalismo. Finalmente,se analizan las estrategias para crear una Negro society,cuestión que implica neutralizar las críticas al racismo, ofrecerlas pruebas de su inexistencia a través de personajesejemplares y exitosos e insistir en el carácter meritocráticodel resultado de la ubicación en el orden de clase, cuestiónque refuerza la ideología de la democracia racial.Palabras clave: belleza negra, ascenso social, clase,raza, género, personas negras.‘Black Success’ and ‘Black beauty’ in the Social PagesAbstract: This article presents several reflections onthe media representations about black middle class and‘black elites’ in the social press. These representationsare related with the idea proposed by Fanon: “for blackpeople there is only one destination. And that destinationis white” (1968:6). First, the fantasy script of the ‘blacksuccess’ focuses on highlighting the exceptionality of thesocial mobility of the black people, because the socialmobility is an accident favored by the lucky or an unusualeffort and sacrifices. Secondly, the sexualized concept of‘black beauty’ focuses on the idea of whiteness as a culturalcapital embodiment, in the existence of the ‘race’and shows the ability of capitalism to take advantage ofthe value of the differences on the multicultural context.Finally, this paper analyzes the strategies used to createa Black Society, subject that involves neutralizing thecriticism of racism, providing evidence of the absence ofracism in society through exemplary and successful blackpeople in order to show the centrality of merit in placingpeople in the class order, and reinforcing the ideology ofracial democracy.Key words: Black beauty, social mobility, class, race,gender, black people.


Author(s):  
Joshua F. Wiley ◽  
Tara L. Gruenewald ◽  
Teresa E. Seeman

Psychosocial resources refer to individual personality and social relationship factors that tend to cluster together and contribute to psychological and physical health and well-being. Growing evidence demonstrates robust relations between psychosocial resources and health. Physiological dysregulation represents one key mechanism that may help to explain the link between psychosocial resources and health. The current chapter focuses on the relations of psychosocial resources with physiology, drawing on findings from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study and other large, epidemiological studies. The focus is on the relations of psychosocial resources with allostatic load, a composite index of multisystem physiological dysregulation, while also highlighting select findings for individual biomarkers. The summary of evidence examines psychosocial resources as both a direct and a moderating factor on biological outcomes. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research.


2017 ◽  
pp. 1415-1429
Author(s):  
Michelle Lee D'Abundo ◽  
Stephen L. Firsing III ◽  
Cara Lynn Sidman

Education and health are among the most salient issues facing Americans today. The field of public health has moved away from a physical health medical model to a more well-being focused quality-of-life perspective. K-20 curriculums in the United States need to reflect this ideological shift. In this chapter, content-focused curriculums with process-focused health behavior change-oriented learning are proposed as a strategy to promote well-being. Other issues that need to be addressed in the current education system are that the delivery of health-related curriculums is often inconsistent and taught by untrained personnel. Well-being-focused curriculums delivered online can provide consistency to improve the quality of health courses. This innovative approach has the potential to improve educational and health outcomes for K-20 curriculums while addressing public health issues by promoting well-being and quality-of-life for children and adults throughout the United States.


2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 1565-1580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karyn Lacy

Is the protracted foreclosure crisis eroding the Black middle class? Foreclosure rates in the United States have reached an all-time high. Blacks have been hit especially hard by this crisis. I focus here on intraclass distinctions within the Black middle class precisely because scholars and journalists so often fail to distinguish between the experiences of the Black lower middle class and those of middle and upper-class Blacks, leaving the unintended impression that middle-class Blacks all have the same odds of losing their home. I argue that conventional explanations of the foreclosure crisis as a racialized event should be amended to account for the differential impact of the crisis on three distinct groups of middle-class Blacks: the lower middle class, the core middle class, and the upper or elite middle class.


Author(s):  
Elijah Anderson

In the minds of many Americans, the ghetto is where “the black people live,” symbolizing an impoverished, crime-prone, drug-infested, and violent area of the city. Aided by the mass media and popular culture, this image of the ghetto has achieved an iconic status, and serves as a powerful source of stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination. The history of racism in America, along with the ascription of “ghetto” to anonymous blacks, has burdened blacks with a negative presumption they must disprove before they can establish mutually trusting relationships with others. The poorest blacks occupy a caste-like status, and for the black middle class, contradictions and dilemmas of status are common, underscoring the racial divide and exacerbating racial tensions.


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