Debt Trends and Future Outlook

2019 ◽  
pp. 699-715
Author(s):  
Dianna Preece
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Federal Reserve ◽  
Student Loans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Debt Markets ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
Domestic Products ◽  
Roll Back ◽  
The U.S

The United States had a combined $47 trillion of public and private sector debt outstanding in the third quarter of 2016. This staggering figure is larger than many countries’ gross domestic products (GDPs) combined. Borrowers include the U.S. government, businesses, and households. The debt is held by both domestic and foreign investors. The amount of debt affects everything from a country’s ability to grow to an individual’s ability to get married or buy a home when saddled with crushing student loans. In early 2018, the most notable trends in debt markets include increased borrowing across all sectors and rising interest rates that will affect the ability of some borrowers to repay their debts. These trends are not just domestic, but global, as the U.S. Federal Reserve begins to roll back a decade-long period of quantitative easing and other central banks are likely to soon follow. This chapter considers trends in debt markets and their implications for the future.

Terrorism. Industry prevention and the Chemical Weapons Convention

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 2277-2280
Author(s):  
Marybeth Kelliher
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Terrorism ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
September 11Th ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
International Council ◽  
Chemical Weapons Convention ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
The U.S

The 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks introduced the United States to domestic and complex terrorism. According to terrorism experts, public and private sector targets are indistinguishable to the perpetrators of this evolved form of terrorism. The global chemical industry’s counteroffensive against international terrorism depends in part on implementation of the Chemicals Weapons Convention (CWC), long supported by the American Chemistry Council (ACC) and its sister associations in the International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA). This paper describes the U.S. chemical industry’s response to September 11th and how adherence to the letter and spirit of the CWC helps prevent terrorism.

scholarly journals Economic Déjà vu

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Andrew Johnson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Federal Reserve ◽  
Current System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Low Interest Rates ◽  
Near Future ◽  
American Economy ◽  
The U.S

The recent recession that swept through this and many countries worldwide had many causes, one of which was low interest rates in the United States. Loose monetary policy pursued by former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Alan Greenspan was a major component of the housing crash and following recession. Furthermore, the Fed’s current monetary policy is extremely similar to policy pursued before the 2008 recession. The current system of monetary policy implemented in the U.S., necessitating that credit and debt expand forever, is a dangerous and potentially disastrous policy to be pursuing. Unless a change takes place, the American economy could experience another — and possibly worse — recession in the near future. 

scholarly journals The Remarkable 10th Anniversary of Stuxnet

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-98
Author(s):  
Gábor Selján
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
10Th Anniversary ◽  
Infrastructure Monitoring ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Cyber Espionage ◽  
Public And Private Sector

It has been ten years since Stuxnet, a highly sophisticated malware that was originally aimed at Iran’s nuclear facilities, was uncovered in 2010. Stuxnet is considered to be the first cyber weapon, used by a nation state threat actor in a politically motivated cyberattack. It has significantly changed the cybersecurity landscape, since it was the first publicly known malware that could cause physical damage to real processes or equipment. Its complexity and level of sophistication, due to the exploitation of four different zero-day vulnerabilities in Windows and the usage of two stolen certificates, has triggered a paradigm shift in the cybersecurity industry. The recently uncovered cyber espionage campaign known as SolarStorm is a worthy anniversary celebration for Stuxnet. Especially because now the tables have turned. This campaign targeted the United States Government and its interests with a highly sophisticated supply chain attack through the exploitation of the SolarWinds Orion Platform used by thousands of public and private sector customers for infrastructure monitoring and management. In this article, I attempt to summarise the key points about the malware deployed in the SolarStorm campaign that can be drawn from reports available at the time of the writing.

scholarly journals INSTYTUCJONALNA I KOMPETENCYJNA EWOLUCJA BANKU CENTRALNEGO STANÓW ZJEDNOCZONYCH AMERYKI W XX WIEKU

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 275
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kwiatkowski
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Federal Reserve ◽  
The United States ◽  
Institutional Evolution ◽  
Federal Reserve System ◽  
Initial Shape ◽  
Treasury Department ◽  
Reserve System ◽  
The U.S

Institutional and Competence Evolution of the U.S. Central Bank in the Twentieth CenturySummary The article describes the initial shape of the U.S. central bank, i.e. the Federal Reserve System created under the federal act of 1913 as a “Federal Reserve”, as well as the reasons for its competence and institutional evolution mainly in the thirties of the twentieth century. The paper seeks to identify the consequences of the absence of statutory regulations – in many ways necessary for the proper functioning of the central bank in the United States as a confederation, which has become a major cause of the appropriation of powers by the representatives of the private sector at the central bank. In addition, by analyzing the agreement concluded by the representatives of the bank and the U.S. Treasury Department the article shows the consequences of the absence of constitutional guarantees for the central bank’s operational independence. The article also seeks to name and describe the laws passed in the twentieth century, which have contributed significantly to today’s field of competence of the Federal Reserve System and its present modus vivendi.

E-Government, Security, and Cyber-Privacy

Cyber Crime ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 1314-1327
Author(s):  
Ross Wolf ◽  
Ronnie Korosec
Keyword(s):  
Personal Information ◽  
The United States ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Government Responsibility ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
On Line ◽  
Enhance Efficiency ◽  
Technology And Communication ◽  
Public And Private Sector

E-government involves governments at all levels using advanced technology and communication tools to provide services, allow for transactions, and respond to citizen’s needs and requests. This on-line version of government, which is designed to enhance efficiency and improve operations, relies heavily on a network of data structures that are currently in place. While much has been written about e-government, few studies exist that link the concepts of e-government and security with individual rights and government responsibility. Now more than ever, progressive changes in technology allow public and private sector entities to routinely collect, store, and disseminate large files of personal information about the citizens and clients they interact with. The power associated with the magnitude of this information requires great responsibility and accountability. This chapter is a beginning point to discuss how governments in the United States attempt to maintain secure fortresses of data, limit the dissemination of sensitive information to unauthorized parties, and ensure on line privacy for citizens.

Relationship Between Second Life and the U.S. Economy

2010 ◽  
pp. 82-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemarie Reynolds ◽  
Yusuke Ishikawa ◽  
Amanda Macchiarella
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Second Life ◽  
Federal Reserve ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Financial Data ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

Second Life is a virtual world designed to be a free, laissez-faire market economy in which Linden Dollars are used to buy and sell goods and services. This study investigated the relationship between the economies of Second Life and the United States, using financial data collected from Linden Lab and the Federal Reserve. Partial correlation analyses were computed between two pairs of economic measures, and our results indicated that there was a significant relationship between the two economies.

scholarly journals The Political Economy of the Budget Surplus in the United States

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Alesina
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Defense Spending ◽  
The Political ◽  
Budget Balance ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Low Interest Rates ◽  
The U.S

Current surpluses in the U.S. have been achieved by a combination of a strong economy, low interest rates, and sharp cuts in defense spending. These surpluses follow a period (the 1980s) of rather exceptional budget deficit. This paper investigates the origin, size, and expected future patterns of the U.S. budget balance. It discusses how different political forces may generate alternative fiscal scenarios for the U.S. in the next decade.

The Economic Attributes of Medical Care: Implications for Rationing Choices in the United States and United Kingdom

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 546-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwayne A. Banks
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Public And Private Sector

The healthcare systems of the United States and United Kingdom are vastly different. The former relies primarily on private sector incentives and market forces to allocate medical care services, while the latter is a centrally planned system funded almost entirely by the public sector. Therefore, each nation represents divergent views on the relative efficacy of the market or government in achieving social objectives in the area of medical care policy. Since its inception in 1948, the National Health Services (NHS) of the United Kingdom has consistently emphasized equity in the allocation of medical services. It has done so by creating a system whereby services are universally free of charge at the point of entry. Conversely, the United States has relied upon the evolution of a perplexing array of public and private sector insurance schemes centered more around consumer choice than equity in allocation.

scholarly journals The Ricardian Approach to Budget Deficits

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J Barro
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alternative Theory ◽  
Budget Deficits ◽  
Large Current ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Ricardian Approach ◽  
David Ricardo ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
The U.S

In recent years there has been a lot of discussion about U.S. budget deficits. Many economists and other observers have viewed these deficits as harmful to the U.S. and world economies. The supposed harmful effects include high real interest rates, low saving, low rates of economic growth, large current-account deficits in the United States and other countries with large budget deficits, and either a high or low dollar (depending apparently on the time period). This crisis scenario has been hard to maintain along with the robust performance of the U.S. economy since late 1982. Persistent budget deficits have increased economists' interest in theories and evidence about fiscal policy. At the same time, the conflict between standard predictions and actual outcomes in the U.S. economy has, I think, increased economists' willingness to consider approaches that depart from the standard paradigm. In this paper, I will focus on the alternative theory that is associated with the name of David Ricardo.

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