What Is a Memory That It Can Be Changed?

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
Lynn Nadel
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
The Core ◽  
Current Thinking

This chapter provides an overview of current thinking about certain aspects of memory, in particular, those most relevant in the clinic. It briefly sketches some early history and then discusses those features of memory that are important in understanding what is going on when one changes one’s mind. Major conclusions include (a) there are multiple forms of memory, governed by unique rules—some forms are relatively easy to change; others, less so; (b) reactivating a memory can enable change in that memory, but the conditions governing this remain unclear; (c) memory and emotion interact, affecting the likelihood of a memory being formed, or reformed, after reactivation; and (d) prediction is at the core of what all forms of memory do.

scholarly journals Intellectual Dimensions of Madīnian Polity and its Implication for Islamic Governance: Lessons from the Early History of Islam

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Senad Mrahorović
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Specific Kind ◽  
The Core ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
History Of ◽  
Islamic Faith ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Unity Of God

The very first verse revealed to the Prophet of Islam ﷺ, namely ﴾ Read in the name of your Lord ﴿ implied the concept of knowledge that corresponds with the intellectual attestation of the first article of Islamic faith, that is, the belief in the unity of God, which for its part requires a specific kind of knowledge related to the Divine. With the same token, the Revelation continued to provide the Prophet ﷺ with the intellectual and spiritual insights that he ﷺ perfectly transformed into the nucleus based on which the first Islamic state known as the Madīnian polity was firmly established. Hence, in this paper, the analysis will cover the intellectual dimensions of the Madīnian polity portrayed here in three essential aspects: the revelation as the principal source of knowledge, the affirmation as the intellectual and practical application of knowledge, and the manifestation as the individual and communal reflection of knowledge. I will argue that the said aspects as they were displayed in the Madīnian polity are the core factors that underpin the Islamic governance as such.

2. The modern era: Diagnosis and classification of depression

2017 ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
Mary Jane Tacchi ◽  
Jan Scott
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
The Core ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification ◽  
Core Symptoms ◽  
Modern Era

Although theories about the underlying causes of depression changed over the centuries, there was a remarkable level of consistency in the descriptions of the core symptoms with sadness and despondency accompanied by sleep problems and physical complaints. ‘The modern era: diagnosis and classification of depression’ reviews the contributions of Emil Kraepelin and Sigmund Freud to the current thinking on depression. Love them or loathe them, both men influenced thinking on the definition and boundaries of depression and how depression is diagnosed and classified. In more recent times, there have been international efforts to standardize approaches to diagnosis through the introduction of criterion-based classifications of mental disorders.

scholarly journals Traditions of transgressive sacrality (against blasphemy) in Hinduism

1970 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 1-162
Author(s):  
Claus Peter Zoller
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Early History ◽  
Religious Violence ◽  
North India ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
The Core ◽  
Linguistic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Core Areas ◽  
Abrahamic Religions

The following essay pursues the question whether a possible non-singular immigration-encounter-event between speakers of dialects of Indo-Aryan and (as maintained in this essay) speakers of dialects of Austro-Asiatic (mostly Munda) have not only left marks in the linguistic history of Indo-Aryan (analyzed in Zoller forthcoming), but also in the cultural and political history of North India. My argumentation will follow several lines of nested arguments, but the most general is this: Whereas in the Abrahamic religions of Christianity and Islam a combination of proclivity for expansionism plus proclivity for religious violence have led to a virtual eradication or at least a subjugation of infidel traditions in the core areas of their religious/political powers (i.e. Europe and Middle East), this venture was less successful in case of South Asia. Thus the most salient aspect of this historical contingency is the fact that cultural historians – but also historical linguists – can see much deeper and much more unimpeded into the prehistory and early history both of the Indo-Aryan and the non-Indo-Aryan (= mainly Austro-Asiatic) North Indian world. The opposition between Abrahamic monotheists and Hindu ‘infidels’ manifests also in the contrast between the topics of blasphemy and transgressive sacrality. The former is typically associated with Abrahamic religions, whereas there is an abundance and great variety of examples of transgressive sacrality in Hinduism.

scholarly journals Prose miniatures as an experience of self-identification (author's mini-texts in the Vepsian language)

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 16005
Author(s):  
Galina Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
World Order ◽  
Social World ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Historical Time ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
The Core ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
The Social

Prose miniatures of Alexander Ulyanov are analyzed not only as a way of self-expression of the author's ego, but also as an experience of self-identification, awareness of their place in the social world order and historical time. The format of the miniature cycle appears as a convenient form of reproducing key moments of a person's life, which corresponds to the mechanism of memories as processing pop-up engrams of episodic memory into a complete self-reflection. At the same time, focusing on a particular idea unfolds in a specific situation in life. The creative principle of the author of miniatures serves the pragmatics of social adaptation in the surrounding stressful world. It is creativity that turns out to be a tool for assembling the personality in its multiple forms and serves as a way of integration into a heterogeneous external environment. The mechanisms of constructing miniatures in the perspective of achieving self-reliance and integration into the surrounding world are considered. Namely, the thematic diversity, the author's initial data representing a «fluid identity» typical for a person of the twentieth century with the help of a cumulative attitude to «collecting stones» are successfully overcome in the choice of a reflective style of description and the absence of hasty subjective conclusions. The core of self-identification of the series of miniatures by A. S. Ulyanov translates to the reader dignity, self-confidence and readiness for any tests.

Shaping the Local Economic Environment

2019 ◽  
pp. 141-170
Author(s):  
Mario Polèse
Keyword(s):  
New Orleans ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Early History ◽  
Economic Environment ◽  
The Core ◽  
Success Stories ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
History Of

This chapter explores the attributes that help make local environments conducive to productive economic behavior. Several attributes are explored, beginning with integrity in local government and a short history of corruption and urban mismanagement in America, New Orleans serving as an instructive example. New Orleans’s sad story takes us back to Louisiana’s early history, the issue of race never far from the surface. The chapter also describes how the roots of Silicon Valley’s success go back to the California Gold Rush, helping to shape a unique institutional environment that promoted innovation. As the chapter explains, the unlikely success of Minneapolis-St. Paul, both peripheral and cold, can be traced back to Minnesota’s first settlers. Many of these early settlers were Scandinavian who traditionally placed a high value on education and work. Primary and secondary education matter as much, and often more, than PhDs. A competent and numerically literate workforce is at the core of many small and midsized urban success stories.

The Life Cycle Process Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 304-312
Author(s):  
Marshall Scott Poole ◽  
Andrew H. Van de Ven
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Change ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
The Core ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Life Cycle Models ◽  
Life Cycle Process ◽  
Core Features

This chapter describes the core features of life cycle models of organizational change. These models of change are also referred to as regulated, mandated, prescribed, imposed, logically necessary, or prefigured in advance of their execution. Life-cycle models do not imply that an actor must passively comply with mandated changes; actors may be proactive individuals who adapt to their environments and make use of rules to accomplish their purposes. The strengths, challenges, and stages of life cycle models are examined, and future developments advancing life cycle models by considering the role of choice and of multiple forms of agency are advocated.

scholarly journals TEOLOGI, KEKUASAAN, DAN KEADILAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF SEJARAH ISLAM

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saefur Rochmat
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Background ◽  
Early History ◽  
The Core ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nahdlatul Ulama ◽  
Universal Application

AbstractIt is very often for some people to define theology as the core of Islamic teachings in the regard of its content as the science of God. It has Arabic similar terms such as Aqidah and Kalam for explaining the principles of God. It is not surprisingly that Moslem should deal with the issues of theology since the early history of Islam, but why do appear some conflicts in the matters of theology.Theological controversies are something inherent regarding theology is the result of man’s thinking which are bound by the limits of space and of time as the contexts. In other words, theology is the application of the principle of universalism of Islamic teachings in the certain contexts of space and time. Consequently theology is improperly to be claimed as having a universal application. That is why theology is different from iman (belief). It is believed by the Sufis who evaluate correctly that theology does not have an in-depth feeling of spirituality due to its main focus on the use of ratio for the elaboration. Meanwhile iman exists in all religions theology exists in the religions which deal with the matters of worldly affairs, especially in monotheist religions such as Yew, Christian, and Islam.Theology is in great need at the time of crisis such as at the time of the death of Muhammad PBUH the prophet. Indeed at that time theology has not developed well and be arranged systematically as today. We have some theological groups such as Shiite, Sunni, Khawarij. And in Indonesia we have Muhammadiyah, Nahdlatul Ulama, and PKS which all of them come from the Sunni sect. It is possible to notice them from their different socio-cultural background. In other words, socio-cultural background influence the form of theology.Keywords: theology, belief, Sunni, Shiite, Muhammadiyah, NU, and PKS.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Zoltán Biedermann
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early History ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
History Writing ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cultural Boundaries ◽  
European Side

This introductory chapter presents the question at the core of this study: why conquer? The idea of conquering parts of Asia did not come to Europeans spontaneously, but its early history has rarely been explored in much detail. There is a paradox built into ‘connected history’ writing, the dominant form among early modern global historians over the past decades: as agency has been devolved to Asian societies, the European impulses to conquest have lost visibility. The challenge is to redress the imbalance without falling back into a Eurocentric model. The diplomatic reception of a Sri Lankan ambassador by John III of Portugal in Lisbon, in 1542, exemplifies the challenges ahead. The episode is all about the making and workings of connections across cultural boundaries. Yet it also encapsulates signs of a balance of powers that is about to tilt in favour of the European side.

MAPPING CONFLICT: HETERARCHY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE ANCIENT CAPITAL OF BUGANDA

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
HOLLY HANSON
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Authority Figures ◽  
History Of

AbstractMultiple, overlapping, and competing forms of authority contributed to the highly centralized Buganda kingdom. Their enduring salience, commonly considered characteristic of heterarchy, challenges our understanding of the early history of the kingdom. A map that specifies the location of 292 chiefs and authority figures in the capital reveals not only the critical importance of multiple forms of authority but also the development of those forms over several centuries. The allocation of space in the capital and other historical sources indicate that compromise and co-optation characterized the practice of power in the ancient kingdom: the king was surrounded, literally and figuratively, by others who curbed his authority.

Introductory remarks

1982 ◽  
Vol 306 (1492) ◽  
pp. 9-10 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Early History ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Additional Constraints

The suggestion for this Discussion Meeting was put forward more than three years ago. The format of the programme has changed many times since the original version, reflecting in part changing interests in different aspects of the subject. Of the 25 papers to be presented, only 5 discuss the constitution of the core, 13 deal with the geomagnetic field (including the secular variation and reversals) and all but 1 of the remaining 7 on geophysical interpretations are also concerned with the geomagnetic field. This emphasis on geomagnetism reflects the additional constraints that the absence or presence of a magnetic field may put on the constitution of all the planets and the Moon. In contrast to the Earth, the record of the first 10 9 years of planetary history is still at least partly preserved on the Moon, Mercury and Mars (and perhaps on Venus), and a study of this record on these other bodies may yield some information on the early history of the Earth. We have some seismic data for the Moon, but it is only for the Earth that we have a rich store of such data. In this connection, a word of caution is in order. It must not be forgotten that the structure of the Earth as revealed by seismic data is only a snapshot of what it is like today, and in many ways a very imperfect snapshot. There is no science of palaeoseismology, and seismic data tell us nothing about the structure of the Earth in the past nor of its evolution.

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