Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
R. Zachary Manis
Keyword(s):  
Weak Sense ◽  
Particular Solution

There are many different criteria by which one might judge a particular solution to the problem of hell to be adequate or inadequate. The author discusses a number of such possibilities, noting that the problem of hell is more or less difficult to solve depending on one’s standards, and that each must judge for him- or herself what kind of solution will count as adequate. Following this, the author discusses the two broad types of solution that might be developed to address the problem of hell—namely, theodicy and defense—and sets out to construct a theodicy of hell in the “weak” sense—that is, a solution that demonstrates that all of the accepted constraints are reconcilable under a certain model which is itself plausible.

BOREL BIMEASURABILITY IN A WEAK SENSE

1999 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Holický
Keyword(s):  
Weak Sense

scholarly journals AN APPROACH TO SOLVE SLAVNOV–TAYLOR IDENTITY IN D4 ${\mathcal N}=1$ SUPERGRAVITY

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (17) ◽  
pp. 1291-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
IGOR KONDRASHUK
Keyword(s):  
Effective Action ◽  
Spin Connection ◽  
Classical Action ◽  
Local Invariant ◽  
Particular Solution ◽  
Physical Part

We consider a particular solution to Slavnov–Taylor identity in four-dimensional supergravity. The consideration is performed for pure supergravity, no matter superfields are included. The solution is obtained by inserting dressing functions into ghost part of the classical action for supergravity. As a consequence, physical part of the effective action is local invariant with respect to diffeomorphism and structure groups of transformation for dressed effective superfields of vielbein and spin connection.

scholarly journals The diminished base locus is not always closed

2014 ◽  
Vol 150 (10) ◽  
pp. 1729-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lesieutre
Keyword(s):  
Blow Up ◽  
Weak Sense ◽  
Prime Divisors ◽  
General Fiber ◽  
Base Locus ◽  
The Family

AbstractWe exhibit a pseudoeffective $\mathbb{R}$-divisor ${D}_{\lambda }$ on the blow-up of ${\mathbb{P}}^{3}$ at nine very general points which lies in the closed movable cone and has negative intersections with a set of curves whose union is Zariski dense. It follows that the diminished base locus ${\boldsymbol{B}}_{-}({D}_{\lambda })={\bigcup }_{A\,\text{ample}}\boldsymbol{B}({D}_{\lambda }+A)$ is not closed and that ${D}_{\lambda }$ does not admit a Zariski decomposition in even a very weak sense. By a similar method, we construct an $\mathbb{R}$-divisor on the family of blow-ups of ${\mathbb{P}}^{2}$ at ten distinct points, which is nef on a very general fiber but fails to be nef over countably many prime divisors in the base.

Existence and uniqueness of solution for a class of nonlinear sequential differential equations of fractional order

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Klimek ◽  
Marek Błasik
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equations ◽  
Arbitrary Order ◽  
Continuous Solution ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Uniqueness Results ◽  
Banach Theorem ◽  
Arbitrary Partition ◽  
Particular Solution ◽  
Stationary Function ◽  
Fractional Differential

AbstractTwo-term semi-linear and two-term nonlinear fractional differential equations (FDEs) with sequential Caputo derivatives are considered. A unique continuous solution is derived using the equivalent norms/metrics method and the Banach theorem on a fixed point. Both, the unique general solution connected to the stationary function of the highest order derivative and the unique particular solution generated by the initial value problem, are explicitly constructed and proven to exist in an arbitrary interval, provided the nonlinear terms fulfil the corresponding Lipschitz condition. The existence-uniqueness results are given for an arbitrary order of the FDE and an arbitrary partition of orders between the components of sequential derivatives.

scholarly journals Boundedness of Solutions to Differential Equations of Fourth Order with Oscillatory Restoring and Forcing Terms

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cemil Tunç ◽  
Muzaffer Ateş
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equation ◽  
Differential Equations ◽  
Nonlinear Differential Equation ◽  
Fourth Order ◽  
Cauchy Formula ◽  
Boundedness Of Solutions ◽  
Constant Coefficients ◽  
Particular Solution

This paper deals with the boundedness of solutions to a nonlinear differential equation of fourth order. Using the Cauchy formula for the particular solution of nonhomogeneous differential equations with constant coefficients, we prove that the solution and its derivatives up to order three are bounded.

scholarly journals Why Do Developing Countries Tax So Little?

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 99-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Besley ◽  
Torsten Persson
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
News Media ◽  
Weak Sense ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Weak Institutions ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
A Share

Low-income countries typically collect taxes of between 10 to 20 percent of GDP while the average for high-income countries is more like 40 percent. In order to understand taxation, economic development, and the relationships between them, we need to think about the forces that drive the development process. Poor countries are poor for certain reasons, and these reasons can also help to explain their weakness in raising tax revenue. We begin by laying out some basic relationships regarding how tax revenue as a share of GDP varies with per capita income and with the breadth of a country's tax base. We sketch a baseline model of what determines a country's tax revenue as a share of GDP. We then turn to our primary focus: why do developing countries tax so little? We begin with factors related to the economic structure of these economies. But we argue that there is also an important role for political factors, such as weak institutions, fragmented polities, and a lack of transparency due to weak news media. Moreover, sociological and cultural factors—such as a weak sense of national identity and a poor norm for compliance—may stifle the collection of tax revenue. In each case, we suggest the need for a dynamic approach that encompasses the two-way interactions between these political, social, and cultural factors and the economy.

scholarly journals Binary Large Object-Based Approach for QR Code Detection in Uncontrolled Environments

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Lopez-Rincon ◽  
Oleg Starostenko ◽  
Vicente Alarcon-Aquino ◽  
Juan C. Galan-Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Rate ◽  
Qr Code ◽  
Large Object ◽  
Position Detection ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Geometrical Features ◽  
Particular Solution ◽  
Variable Illumination ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Iterative Filtering

Quick Response QR barcode detection in nonarbitrary environment is still a challenging task despite many existing applications for finding 2D symbols. The main disadvantage of recent applications for QR code detection is a low performance for rotated and distorted single or multiple symbols in images with variable illumination and presence of noise. In this paper, a particular solution for QR code detection in uncontrolled environments is presented. The proposal consists in recognizing geometrical features of QR code using a binary large object- (BLOB-) based algorithm with subsequent iterative filtering QR symbol position detection patterns that do not require complex processing and training of classifiers frequently used for these purposes. The high precision and speed are achieved by adaptive threshold binarization of integral images. In contrast to well-known scanners, which fail to detect QR code with medium to strong blurring, significant nonuniform illumination, considerable symbol deformations, and noising, the proposed technique provides high recognition rate of 80%–100% with a speed compatible to real-time applications. In particular, speed varies from 200 ms to 800 ms per single or multiple QR code detected simultaneously in images with resolution from 640 × 480 to 4080 × 2720, respectively.

scholarly journals Flexible parallel implicit modelling of coupled thermal–hydraulic–mechanical processes in fractured rocks

Solid Earth ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 921-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Cacace ◽  
Antoine B. Jacquey
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Fractured Rocks ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Coupled System ◽  
Weak Sense ◽  
Rock Properties ◽  
Solid Matrix ◽  
Scaling Parameters ◽  
Active Processes ◽  
Element Technique

Abstract. Theory and numerical implementation describing groundwater flow and the transport of heat and solute mass in fully saturated fractured rocks with elasto-plastic mechanical feedbacks are developed. In our formulation, fractures are considered as being of lower dimension than the hosting deformable porous rock and we consider their hydraulic and mechanical apertures as scaling parameters to ensure continuous exchange of fluid mass and energy within the fracture–solid matrix system. The coupled system of equations is implemented in a new simulator code that makes use of a Galerkin finite-element technique. The code builds on a flexible, object-oriented numerical framework (MOOSE, Multiphysics Object Oriented Simulation Environment) which provides an extensive scalable parallel and implicit coupling to solve for the multiphysics problem. The governing equations of groundwater flow, heat and mass transport, and rock deformation are solved in a weak sense (either by classical Newton–Raphson or by free Jacobian inexact Newton–Krylow schemes) on an underlying unstructured mesh. Nonlinear feedbacks among the active processes are enforced by considering evolving fluid and rock properties depending on the thermo-hydro-mechanical state of the system and the local structure, i.e. degree of connectivity, of the fracture system. A suite of applications is presented to illustrate the flexibility and capability of the new simulator to address problems of increasing complexity and occurring at different spatial (from centimetres to tens of kilometres) and temporal scales (from minutes to hundreds of years).

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