Ranking games

Ranking ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 127-159
Author(s):  
Péter Érdi
Keyword(s):  
College Administrators ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
College Ranking ◽  
Current State ◽  
Magic Power ◽  
Round Numbers ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Single Score ◽  
Institutional Landscape ◽  
Ranking Countries

This chapter starts with a discussion of the magic power of round numbers and left-digit effects, and it then deals with two popular ranking games concerning colleges and countries. A recurring theme in our complex world pertains to the question of whether it is possible to summarize the performance of an organization faithfully with a single score. Schools are complex social organizations that serve a variety of purposes, and measuring their progress toward these goals is obviously tricky. Students, admissions offices, and college administrators are the major stakeholders in the college ranking game. Ranking colleges not only provides a passive mirror of the institutional landscape but also drives changes within the institutions. Similarly, ranking countries both reflects the current state and motivates change. While some believe that the idea of the nation-state is outdated and a source of conflict, countries remain a primary means of controlling people, organizing society, and managing the distribution of wealth. Measuring corruption and freedom within countries is difficult, and the ranking of countries based on these measurements is discussed.

Quantitative multiplexed strategies for human Lyme disease serological testing

2021 ◽  
pp. 153537022110034
Author(s):  
Eunice Chou ◽  
Armond Minor ◽  
Nathaniel C Cady
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Serological Testing ◽  
Current State ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Human Immune Response ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches

Lyme disease, which is primarily caused by infection with the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi in the United States or other Borrelia species internationally, presents an ongoing challenge for diagnostics. Serological testing is the primary means of diagnosis but testing approaches differ widely, with varying degrees of sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, there is currently no reliable test to determine disease resolution following treatment. A distinct challenge in Lyme disease diagnostics is the variable patterns of human immune response to a plurality of antigens presented by Borrelia spp. during the infection. Thus, multiplexed testing approaches that capture these patterns and detect serological response against multiple antigens may be the key to prompt, accurate Lyme disease diagnosis. In this review, current state-of-the-art multiplexed diagnostic approaches are presented and compared with respect to their diagnostic accuracy and their potential for monitoring response to treatment.

scholarly journals Making sense of Piketty's ‘fundamental laws’ in a Post-Keynesian framework: the transitional dynamics of wealth inequality

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Ederer ◽  
Miriam Rehm
Keyword(s):  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Wealth Concentration ◽  
Current State ◽  
Keynesian Model ◽  
Income Ratio ◽  
Wealth Tax ◽  
Transitional Phase ◽  
Interior Solutions

If Piketty's main theoretical prediction (r > g leads to rising wealth inequality) is taken to its radical conclusion, then a small elite will own all wealth if capitalism is left to its own devices. We formulate and calibrate a Post-Keynesian model with an endogenous distribution of wealth between workers and capitalists which permits such a corner solution of all wealth held by capitalists. However, it also shows interior solutions with a stable, non-zero wealth share of workers, a stable wealth-to-income ratio, and a stable and positive gap between the profit and the growth rate determined by the Cambridge equation. More importantly, simulations show that the model conforms to Piketty's empirical findings during a transitional phase of increasing wealth inequality, which characterizes the current state of high-income countries: the wealth share of capitalists rises to over 60 per cent, the wealth-to-income ratio increases, and income inequality rises. Finally, we show that the introduction of a wealth tax as suggested by Piketty could neutralize this rise in wealth concentration predicted by our model.

UNDERSTANDING THE SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS AND DETERMINANTS OF OPEN INNOVATION IN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150063
Author(s):  
CARENE TCHUINOU TCHOUWO ◽  
DIANE POULIN ◽  
SOPHIE VEILLEUX
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Current State ◽  
Differences Of Opinion ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
Primary Means

Open Innovation (OI) assumes that businesses combine external and internal ideas as the primary means to accelerate internal innovation or access the market to commercialise their technologies. In the last decade, research interest has increased towards understanding OI in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Given the fast pace with which the literature has been developing in this area, there is a strong need to revisit the literature to investigate nuances, ambiguities and differences of opinion. This paper aims to systematically review OI in SMEs and survey the current state of his characteristics and determinants. 130 papers published in peer-reviewed journals are analysed. Findings suggest OI in SME differs considerably from OI in a large business, in terms of characteristics and determinants. The originality of the paper is rooted in the conceptual framework that illustrates how characteristics and determinants of OI in SME relate to each other in terms of input-output.

scholarly journals Good Country Index – V4 Countries Comparison

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Michaela Čiefová ◽  
Natália Goda
Keyword(s):  
World Order ◽  
International Peace ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Fundamental Idea ◽  
Current State ◽  
National Competitiveness ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Country Index ◽  
Ranking Countries ◽  
Visegrad Group

There are currently many indices ranking countries based on their national competitiveness, happiness, human development and other criteria. A couple of years ago, the Good Country Index was introduced, whose purpose is to measure how a country contributes to the wellbeing of not only its own citizens, but the whole humanity and the planet. The fundamental idea behind the Index is the significant influence of globalisation on spreading both positive and negative trends in the world. Hence it is vital for countries to cooperate in order to handle the negative effects of globalisation. The Index consists of seven dimensions, namely Science - Technology, Culture, International Peace - Security, World Order, Planet - Climate, Prosperity - Equality, and Health - Wellbeing. In the present paper we compare the Index calculations of the Visegrad Group countries and analyse the reasons behind their respective overall positions, as well as ranking within individual sub-indices. Our special attention is dedicated to culture-related phenomena. Based on the analysis, we offer suggestions to improve the current state in the areas where the countries are less successful. The dominant research method utilised is comparative analysis.

Bruno Walter's Autobiography

Tempo ◽  
1948 ◽  
pp. 13-15
Author(s):  
George Franckenstein
Keyword(s):  
Magic Power

The profound spirituality, the serenity, the noble maturity, and the wonderful freshness of Bruno Walter at the age of seventy-one, and of his art, have greatly impressed his innumerable admirers who had recently the privilege and happiness of seeing and hearing him conduct after an interval of many years. What is the source from which this magic power springs?

Black-white contrast of dislocation loops

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 328-329
Author(s):  
J. J. Hren ◽  
W. D. Cooper ◽  
L. J. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dislocation Loops ◽  
Major Premise ◽  
Burgers Vector ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Contrast Analysis ◽  
Dot Product ◽  
Imaging Conditions

Small dislocation loops observed by transmission electron microscopy exhibit a characteristic black-white strain contrast when observed under dynamical imaging conditions. In many cases, the topography and orientation of the image may be used to determine the nature of the loop crystallography. Two distinct but somewhat overlapping procedures have been developed for the contrast analysis and identification of small dislocation loops. One group of investigators has emphasized the use of the topography of the image as the principle tool for analysis. The major premise of this method is that the characteristic details of the image topography are dependent only on the magnitude of the dot product between the loop Burgers vector and the diffracting vector. This technique is commonly referred to as the (g•b) analysis. A second group of investigators has emphasized the use of the orientation of the direction of black-white contrast as the primary means of analysis.

ESEM - A multipurpose surface Electron Microscope

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 632-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.D. Danilatos
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Saturated Water Vapor ◽  
Surface Electron ◽  
Current State ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
New Type ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

Over recent years a new type of electron microscope - the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) - has been developed for the examination of specimen surfaces in the presence of gases. A detailed series of reports on the system has appeared elsewhere. A review summary of the current state and potential of the system is presented here.The gas composition, temperature and pressure can be varied in the specimen chamber of the ESEM. With air, the pressure can be up to one atmosphere (about 1000 mbar). Environments with fully saturated water vapor only at room temperature (20-30 mbar) can be easily maintained whilst liquid water or other solutions, together with uncoated specimens, can be imaged routinely during various applications.

Recent applications of TEM to the study of interfaces

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-309
Author(s):  
C. Barry Carter
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Diffuse Scattering ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Contrast Imaging ◽  
Current State ◽  
Actual Nature ◽  
High Resolution Images

This paper will review the current state of understanding of interface structure and highlight some of the future needs and problems which must be overcome. The study of this subject can be separated into three different topics: 1) the fundamental electron microscopy aspects, 2) material-specific features of the study and 3) the characteristics of the particular interfaces. The two topics which are relevant to most studies are the choice of imaging techniques and sample preparation. The techniques used to study interfaces in the TEM include high-resolution imaging, conventional diffraction-contrast imaging, and phase-contrast imaging (Fresnel fringe images, diffuse scattering). The material studied affects not only the characteristics of the interfaces (through changes in bonding, etc.) but also the method used for sample preparation which may in turn have a significant affect on the resulting image. Finally, the actual nature and geometry of the interface must be considered. For example, it has become increasingly clear that the plane of the interface is particularly important whenever at least one of the adjoining grains is crystalline.A particularly productive approach to the study of interfaces is to combine different imaging techniques as illustrated in the study of grain boundaries in alumina. In this case, the conventional imaging approach showed that most grain boundaries in ion-thinned samples are grooved at the grain boundary although the extent of this grooving clearly depends on the crystallography of the surface. The use of diffuse scattering (from amorphous regions) gives invaluable information here since it can be used to confirm directly that surface grooving does occur and that the grooves can fill with amorphous material during sample preparation (see Fig. 1). Extensive use of image simulation has shown that, although information concerning the interface can be obtained from Fresnel-fringe images, the introduction of artifacts through sample preparation cannot be lightly ignored. The Fresnel-fringe simulation has been carried out using a commercial multislice program (TEMPAS) which was intended for simulation of high-resolution images.

Proteasome inhibitors as therapeutics

2005 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 205-218
Author(s):  
Constantine S. Mitsiades ◽  
Nicholas Mitsiades ◽  
Teru Hideshima ◽  
Paul G. Richardson ◽  
Kenneth C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Drug Class ◽  
Proteasome Inhibitors ◽  
Cell Cycle Regulators ◽  
Current State ◽  
Intracellular Mechanism ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽  
Proteasome Pathway ◽  
Hodgkin's Lymphomas ◽  
Clinical Research Data

The ubiquitin–proteasome pathway is a principle intracellular mechanism for controlled protein degradation and has recently emerged as an attractive target for anticancer therapies, because of the pleiotropic cell-cycle regulators and modulators of apoptosis that are controlled by proteasome function. In this chapter, we review the current state of the field of proteasome inhibitors and their prototypic member, bortezomib, which was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of advanced multiple myeloma. Particular emphasis is placed on the pre-clinical research data that became the basis for eventual clinical applications of proteasome inhibitors, an overview of the clinical development of this exciting drug class in multiple myeloma, and a appraisal of possible uses in other haematological malignancies, such non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

Behavioral Genetics: Concepts for Research and Practice in Language Development and Disorders

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1126-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey W. Gilger
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Behavioral Genetics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Behavioral Genetic ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Future Goals ◽  
Current State ◽  
Research Designs

This paper is an introduction to behavioral genetics for researchers and practioners in language development and disorders. The specific aims are to illustrate some essential concepts and to show how behavioral genetic research can be applied to the language sciences. Past genetic research on language-related traits has tended to focus on simple etiology (i.e., the heritability or familiality of language skills). The current state of the art, however, suggests that great promise lies in addressing more complex questions through behavioral genetic paradigms. In terms of future goals it is suggested that: (a) more behavioral genetic work of all types should be done—including replications and expansions of preliminary studies already in print; (b) work should focus on fine-grained, theory-based phenotypes with research designs that can address complex questions in language development; and (c) work in this area should utilize a variety of samples and methods (e.g., twin and family samples, heritability and segregation analyses, linkage and association tests, etc.).

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