Nonlegislative Justification

2021 ◽  
pp. 247-274
Author(s):  
Liam Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Legal Rules ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Rule Consequentialism ◽  
Positive Mode ◽  
Moral Theorizing ◽  
High Level ◽  
General Regulation ◽  
As If

If moral theorists who otherwise disagree, all approach moral theorizing as a search for a set of desirable moral principles for the general regulation of behavior, then there is a sense in which they are all, as Parfit says, climbing the same mountain. But it is the wrong mountain. Morality should not be understood as hypothetical legislation; it is a mistake to set about constructing morality as if we were making law. Real legislators evaluate possible legal rules by considering the effects they would have. They can do this because enforcement and acceptance of law ensure a high level of compliance. Moral legislators have no reason to assume any particular level of acceptance; the effects of counterfactual acceptance of a principle are not morally relevant. The argument targets rule consequentialism and Scanlon’s official version of contractualism. The paper begins in a positive mode by arguing that a nonlegislative version of Scanlon’s approach, that seeks justification for conduct of such-and-such a kind in such-and-such circumstances by comparing the reasons in favor and the reasons others have to object, is a very attractive way to think about what we owe to each other.

The issues of counteracting with resurgence of crimes: past and present trends

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Николай Алексеевич Коломытцев
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
Recidivism Rates ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Law Enforcement Officials ◽  
Crime Detection ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Judicial Errors ◽  
High Level ◽  
Detention Facilities

Наличие значительного уровня рецидива в стране напрямую связано с весьма низкой (до 47 %) раскрываемостью преступлений. Кроме того, высокий уровень рецидива преступлений свидетельствует о том, что применяемое к осужденным уголовное наказание в виде лишения свободы не всегда оказывает на них должное воспитательное и принудительное воздействие. Эта ситуация обусловлена недостатками деятельности администрации учреждений уголовно-исполнительной системы. Пробелы в законодательстве, ошибки в избрании судом вида и срока наказания сказываются на его эффективности. Рост рецидива преступлений связан и с неблагополучной жизненной ситуацией, в которой часто оказываются освобожденные от отбывания наказания. Все сказанное убедительно подтверждает актуальность и научную новизну данной работы. Целью написания данной статьи является попытка определения комплексной реализации борьбы с рецидивом преступлений. Предмет изучения рецидива преступлений определяется важностью существующих ценностей, причиняемым им ущербом и общественным резонансом в отношении этого явления. Методологическую основу работу составил метод познания, общенаучные и частнонаучные методы изучения. При этом использовались труды отечественных и зарубежных правоведов. В статье автор рассматривает историко-правовой, криминологический, уголовно-правовой и уголовно-исполнительный аспекты рецидива преступлений, анализирует законодательство и судебную практику за длительное время. Приводится понятие указанного социально-правового явления, предлагаются определенные направления его предупреждения. Статья представляет интерес для курсантов, слушателей, студентов юридических вузов, преподавателей и сотрудников правоохранительных органов. The high level of relapse in our country depends on the low crime detection rate (less than 47 %). In this context, ineffective penalization measures for offenders in prison can have an impact on recidivism rates. This fact revealed serious deficiencies in the administration of detention facilities. Gaps in legislation, judicial errors in the sentencing proceeds, incorrect type of punishment and penalty negatively affect the itseffectiveness. Difficult circumstances for discharged prisoners might cause the growth of resurgence. Thus, this article devoted to the topical and innovative issue. The aim of this article is to combat and prevent criminal activities in the area of resurgence. The subject matter of recidivism is determinated by the importance of social values, the harm inflicted, and public outcry provoked with this phenomenon. A methodological framework for this research includes the cognition method, common and private methods. The author used native and foreign scholarly writings. The author researches a historical and legal, criminological, criminal and penal reviews of relapse. He analysis legal rules and case law over a long term. “Resurgence of crimes” is defined. Some means of relapse prevention are supposed. The article might be meaningful for the students and tutors of law faculties, and also for the law enforcement officials.

The nature of the FSA policy of rule use: a critical overview

Legal Studies ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andromachi Georgosouli
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Current Policy ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Financial Architecture ◽  
Intensive Use ◽  
The Uk ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Critical Overview

The function and effectiveness of legal rules as instruments of social organisation have become an important focus of attention for those interested in financial architecture. This paper offers a critical overview of the policy of rule use of the Financial Services Authority (FSA) in the UK and considers the background of this policy, its nature and some problems pertaining to its implementation. The aim is twofold: first, to describe how current policy trends interact with and shape the FSA's policy of rule use and, secondly, to assess the impact of these trends on the effectiveness of this policy. Special attention will be given to developments such as the policy of making more intensive use of rules termed in a high level of abstractness and generality, the fostering of a discursive and participatory character of regulation, the shift towards meta-regulation and the adoption of a risk-based approach to regulation.

scholarly journals Legal Rules on the Purchase Contract under the Czech new Civil Code – – Selected Problems / Právní Úprava Kupní Smlouvy Ve Světle Nového Občanského Zákoníku Čr – – Vybrané Problémy

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Martin Janků ◽  
Karel Marek
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
Contract Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
General Regulation

Abstract The goal of the present paper is to draw attention to some key rules and principles of the purchase contract. After the specification of this contract type we will deal in more details with the defective performance and the procedure of its complaint. As suggest the first assessment and reviews of the application of new legislation in its practical use and by the case law, in the achievement of the objective desired by the NCC - to increase the transparency of the procedure of complaints - the new legislation stacked in the middle of the way. The paper compares the impact of the new the previous and the current regulations, We will use the method of functional analysis as well as the method of legal formalistic comparison. It is obvious that the new rules respect the former régime of commercial contracts. The business sphere has undoubtedly welcomed this feature of the legal regime as the merchandisers are familiar with these rules. The second issue is, however, how this modification in the general regulation meets the expectations of the to provide sufficient legal certainty in the interpretation of contractual provisions and in the access to the protection of their interests by courts in the event of disputes.

scholarly journals The challenges and the opportunities of letting children have their say

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (03) ◽  
pp. E ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Merzagora ◽  
Paola Rodari
Keyword(s):  
Science Communication ◽  
Science Engagement ◽  
Main Target ◽  
Understanding Of Science ◽  
High Level ◽  
As If

Many science communication activities identify children as their main target. There are several reasons for this, even if, quite often, they are not expressed explicitly, as if children were a somehow “natural” public for science. On the contrary, we can observe a high level of complexity in the children agenda to engage with science, and in the science institution agendas for targeting children. But this does not seem to be followed but the same level of complexity in devising science engagement activities for children. The profound transformation of the scope and understanding of science communication that we have observed in recent years, in which keywords as dialogue, participation and empowerment have become essential, has only partially touched the younger public, which remains in most cases considered as a spectator for science.

Institutionalizing the Just War

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Just War ◽  
Just War Theory ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Institutional Innovation ◽  
Institutional Processes ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Morality Of War ◽  
As If

This book challenges traditional and contemporary just war theorizing, by taking seriously the role of social practices and institutions in decisions to go to war. It argues that which substantive moral principles regarding the initiation of war are valid can depend upon the institutional processes within which the decisions are made. Traditional and mainstream contemporary just war theorists proceed as if institutions don’t exist or as if existing institutional resources for influencing decision-making are so negligible that they may be disregarded. They fail to consider the possibility that institutional innovations could improve recourse to war decisions and that the fact that this is so has important implications for the morality of war-making. The first six chapters of the book lay out the case for institutionalizing the just war—for rethinking just war theory with due regard for the fact that institutional realities and possibilities shape the morality of war. The last two chapters advance concrete, feasible proposals for much-needed institutional innovation.

A History of International Law in the Vernacular

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 205-217
Author(s):  
Jacob Katz Cogan
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Low Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Actors ◽  
History Of International Law ◽  
High Level

Abstract Histories of international law have typically focused on the origins of legal rules and doctrines, the decisions of courts and other formal tribunals, the views of professors and legal theorists and diplomats, and the evolution of the legal profession. That is, international legal histories have centered on the concerns of lawyers and states and have reflected a positivist vision of international lawmaking. We need a history of international law that focuses more on international law in action – the invocation, elaboration, and contestation of rules in and through their everyday application, not just by states, high-level state actors, legal theorists, and state-organized domestic and international institutions, but also by individuals, low-level officials, private groups, and nongovernmental actors and in places outside of the usual fora where ‘international law’ is said to be found. We need a history of international law in the vernacular.

scholarly journals Distinction, Necessity, and Proportionality: Afghan Civilians’ Attitudes toward Wartime Harm

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-342
Author(s):  
Janina Dill
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal Rule ◽  
Moral Principle ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Principle Of Proportionality ◽  
Perception Of Harm

AbstractHow do civilians react to being harmed in war? Existing studies argue that civilian casualties are strategically costly because civilian populations punish a belligerent who kills civilians and support the latter's opponent. Relying on eighty-seven semi-structured interviews with victims of coalition attacks in Afghanistan, this article shows that moral principles inform civilians’ attitudes toward their own harming. Their attitudes may therefore vary with the perceived circumstances of an attack. Civilians’ perception of harm as unintended and necessary, in accordance with the moral principles of distinction and necessity, was associated with narratives that cast an attack as relatively more legitimate and with a partial or full release of the coalition from blame. The principle of proportionality, which requires that civilian casualties are caused in pursuit of a legitimate war aim, informed their abstract attitudes toward civilian casualties in Afghanistan. Two rules of international law, which accord with the moral principles of distinction and necessity, were reflected in the civilians’ attitudes. The legal rule of proportionality, which diverges from the namesake moral principle, failed to resonate with the civilians. The article explores whether compliance with the legal rules of distinction and necessity can contribute to mitigating the strategic costs of civilian casualties.

scholarly journals In Search of the Trinity: A Dilemma for Parfit’s Conciliatory Project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Moral Realism ◽  
Theory Choice ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Moral Theorizing ◽  
The Trinity ◽  
Underdetermination Of Theory ◽  
What Matters

AbstractI outline a dilemma for Derek Parfit’s project to vindicate moral realism. In On What Matters, Parfit argues that the best versions of three of the main moral traditions agree on a set of moral principles, which should make us more confident about the prospects of truth in ethics. I show that the result of this Convergence Argument can be interpreted in two ways. Either there remain three separate and deontically equivalent theories or there remains just one theory, the Triple Theory. Both interpretations fail to deliver what Parfit is looking for. The first interpretation leads to a situation of underdetermination of theory choice that gives rise to a skeptical challenge. The second interpretation jettisons Parfit’s Conciliatory Project, that is, the reconciliation of the three moral traditions. The dilemma, I contend, is the result of Parfit failing to resolve two antithetical lines of thought. His search for the Trinity of moral theorizing must thus fail.

scholarly journals [Fana 'in the Sufi Discourse of the Archipelago: An Overview of the Sufi Thought of Sheikh Daud Al-Fatani] Fana’ dalam Wacana Sufi Nusantara: Tinjauan Terhadap Pemikiran Sufi Sheikh Daud Al-Fatani

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-32
Author(s):  
Nur Syazana Adam ◽  
Syed Hadzrullathfi Syed Omar
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
High Level ◽  
As If

Fana’ is term for annihilation of the self-appreciation, a concept highlighted in Sufism represents the vanishing of the human wicked attributes that is embellished by various demands of evil desires. On the other hands, Fanā’ is also refers to the only concentration of the memory in appreciation of the perfection and the glory of Allah SWT. This is because fana' is a high level stage of consciousness and a precise focus attentions only on Allah SWT to the stage that other things to be blunt as if lost from seeker’s memory. Nevertheless, in the discourse of Islamic thoughts, many misunderstandings and misappropriation are correlated to the concept of fana’ that occurs in Sufis path. Therefore, this article efforts to high spot the concept of fana’ conferring to Sheikh Daud al-Fatani (d.1847) through his work to scrutinize the extent to which the concept of fana’ posed by him in line with other well-known Nusantara Sufi figures. This study uses the content analysis method by referring to the work of Sheikh Daud al-Fatani sufi entitled "al-Manhal al-Ṣāfī fī Bayan al-Ramz al-Sufi". The study found that the term of fana' presented by Sheikh Daud al-Fatani was in line with the meaning of fana' which was emphasized by the previous Nusantara Sufi figures such as Sayyid Abdul Rahman (d.1917), Sheikh Abdul Samad al-Falimbani (d.1788) and other ancient Sufis figures. However, the use of the term is somewhat different in explaining the fana's meaning since Sheikh Daud al-Fatani in his work emphases more on the aspect of the existence stage which he labeled as the seventh stages (Martabat Tujuh). The study concludes that the concept of fana' posed by the figure was an essential bridge in understanding the concept of fanā' adopted by the practitioners of Sufis path among society nowadays.   Keywords: Fana’, Syeikh Daud al-Fatani, Nusantara Sufi, Martabat Tujuh, al-Manhal al-Ṣāfī fī Bayan al-Ramz al-Ṣūfī.       Fana‟ menurut disiplin Ilmu Tasawuf ialah lenyap sifat manusiawi yang terbelenggu dengan pelbagai tuntutan syahwat dan hawa nafsu, hal keadaan tumpuan ingatan hati hanya tenggelam dalam menghayati sifat kesempurnaan dan keagungan Allah SWT. Hal demikian adalah kerana fana‟ merupakan kesedaran aras tinggi dan tumpuan ingatan yang jitu yang hanya terumpu kepada Allah SWT hingga ingatan dan perasaan terhadap perkara lain menjadi tumpul seolah-olah lenyap daripada ingatan. Walaupun begitu, dalam wacana pemikiran akidah, banyak ditimbulkan isu-isu yang berkait dengan kesilapfahaman dan penyelewengan terhadap institusi tarekat khususnya yang berkait dengan konsep fana‟. Oleh yang demikian, artikel ini cuba mengetengahkan konsep fana‟ menurut Sheikh Daud al-Fatani (w. 1847M) menerusi karya beliau untuk meneliti sejauh mana konsep fana yang telah dikemukakan oleh beliau selaras dengan tokoh sufi Nusantara yang lain dan tokoh- tokoh sufi silam lain yang muktabar. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan dengan merujuk karya sufi Sheikh Daud al-Fatani yang berjudul “al-Manhal al-Safi fiBayan al-Ramz al-Sufi”. Kajian mendapati bahawa istilah fana‟ yang dikemukakan oleh Sheikh Daud al-Fatani selaras dengan makna fana‟ yang telah diketengahkan oleh tokoh sufi Nusantara seperti Sayyid Abdul Rahman (w. 1917M), Sheikh Abdul Samad al-Falimbani (w. 1788M) dan tokoh sufi silam yang muktabar. Walau bagaimanapun, penggunaan istilahnya agak berbeza dalam memberi penjelasan tentang pengertian fana‟. Di samping itu, Sheikh Daud al-Fatani dalam karya beliau lebih banyak menumpukan perbincangan terhadap aspek peringkat kewujudan yang diistilahkan oleh beliau sebagai martabat tujuh. Kajian menyimpulkan bahawa konsep fana‟ yang dikemukakan beliau merupakan suatu jambatan asas yang penting dalam memahami konsep fanā‟ yang digunapakai oleh pengamal tarekat kesufian dalam kalangan masyarakat kini.   Kata kunci: Fana‟, Syeikh Daud al-Fatani, Sufi Nusantara, Martabat Tujuh, al-Manhal al-Safi Bayan al-Ramz al-Sufi.

scholarly journals TANGGUNG JAWAB MITRA TERHADAP MUSNAHNYA BENDA JAMINAN FIDUSIA PADA AKAD PEMBIAYAAN MURABAHAH

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Uswatun Hasanah ◽  
Azhari Azhari ◽  
M. Jafar
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Clear Explanation ◽  
The Right ◽  
As If

 Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan penjelasan yang jelas terhadap kedudukan Jaminan Fidusia dalam akad pembiayaan murabahah, untuk menjelaskan tanggung jawab mitra atas hilangnya item Jaminan Fidusia dalam akad pembiayaan murabahah, menjelaskan bentuk penyelesaian hilangnya Jaminan Fidusia yang hilang. Item dalam akad pembiayaan murabahah. Tesis ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis empiris yang menitikberatkan pada teori hukum dan aturan hukum yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan penelitian dan terkait dengan pelaksanaan yang ada mengenai perjanjian kredit dengan jaminan fidusia pada bank syari'ah dan menghadapi masalah-masalah yang terjadi dalam prakteknya. Bersama dengan solusi yang diterapkan. Hasilnya, penulis menemukan bahwa mitra jaminan fidusia harus bertanggung jawab penuh kepada bank dalam mengganti objek jaminan fidusia yang kemungkinan bisa saja musnah selama perjanjian fidusia masih berjalan dengan harta miliknya sendiri seolah-olah jaminan fidusia tersebut hilang. Objek disebabkan oleh tindakan yang secara sengaja atau melawan hukum dari jaminan fidusia. Selain itu, terdapat perlindungan hukum khusus bagi para pihak dalam perjanjian jaminan fidusia bank terhadap pemusnahan jaminan fidusia di mana bank berhak menuntut ganti rugi kepada mitra atas pemusnahan objek jaminan fidusia dengan meminta mitra untuk mengganti. Benda fidusia yang hilang atau musnah beserta uang yang nilainya sama atau dengan harga asli benda yang hilang tersebut.Kata Kunci: Tanggung jawab mitra, jaminan fidusia, kontrak pembiayaan murabahah The aim of this research is to give the clear explanation towards the standing of Fiduciary Collateral in murabahah financing contract, to explain the partner's responsibility for the missing of Fiduciary Collateral items in murabahah financing contract, to explain the settlement form of the missing of Fiduciary Collateral item in murabahah financing contract. This thesis uses the empirical juridical research method which emphasizes to the legal theories and the legal rules which relates to the research problem and related to the implementation which exists regarding credit agreements with fiduciary guarantees in syari'ah banks and facing the occurring problems encountered in practice along with the implemented solution. As the results, the author found that fiduciary guarantee partners must be fully responsible to the bank in replacing fiduciary collateral objects which possibly could have been destroyed as long as the fiduciary agreement is still ongoing with their own properties as if the missing of the fiduciary guarantee object is caused by deliberately or unlawful acts of the fiduciary guarantee. Moreover, there is any specific legal protection for the parties in a bank fiduciary guarantee agreement against the destruction of fiduciary collateral where the bank has the right to claim for compensation towards the partner for the destruction of the fiduciary collateral object by asking the partner to replace the missing or destroyed fiduciary object with the amount of money which has the equal values or original price of the missing object.Keywords: Partner’s responsibility, fiduciary collateral, murabaha financing contract

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