Rethinking our Assumptions about Moral Status

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Steve Clarke ◽  
Julian Savulescu
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Moral Status ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Cognitively Impaired ◽  
Cognitive Capacities ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Human Adults ◽  
Near Future

Recent technological developments and potential technological developments of the near future require us to try to think clearly about what it is to have moral status and about when and why we should attribute moral status to beings and entities. What should we say about the moral status of human non-human chimeras, human brain organoids, artificial intelligence, cyborgs, post-humans, and human minds that have been uploaded into a computer, or onto the internet? In this introductory chapter we survey some key assumptions ordinarily made about moral status that may require rethinking. These include the assumptions that all humans who are not severely cognitively impaired have equal moral status, that possession of the sophisticated cognitive capacities typical of human adults is necessary for full moral status, that only humans can have full moral status, and that there can be no beings with higher moral status than ordinary adult humans. We also need to consider how we should treat beings and entities when we find ourselves uncertain about their moral status.

Rethinking Moral Status

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Moral Status ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Sharp Distinction ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Common Sense Morality

Common-sense morality implicitly assumes that reasonably clear distinctions can be drawn between the ‘full’ moral status usually attributed to ordinary adult humans, the partial moral status attributed to non-human animals, and the absence of moral status, usually ascribed to machines and other artefacts. These assumptions were always subject to challenge; but they now come under renewed pressure because there are beings we are now able to create, and beings we may soon be able to create, which blur traditional distinctions between humans, non-human animals, and non-biological beings. Examples are human non-human chimeras, cyborgs, human brain organoids, post-humans, human minds that have been uploaded into computers and onto the internet, and artificial intelligence. It is far from clear what moral status we should attribute to any of these beings. While commonsensical views of moral status have always been questioned, the latest technological developments recast many of the questions and raise additional objections. There are a number of ways we could respond, such as revising our ordinary suppositions about the prerequisites for full moral status. We might also reject the assumption that there is a sharp distinction between full and partial moral status. The present volume provides a forum for philosophical reflection about the usual presuppositions and intuitions about moral status, especially in light of the aforementioned recent and emerging technological advances.

When Technology Meets Finance

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Yousif Abdullatif Albastaki
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Major Part ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Financial Industry ◽  
Digital Innovation ◽  
Customer Expectations ◽  
The Internet Of Things

There is a paradigm shift in the financial services industry. Combined with ever-changing customer expectations and preferences, emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, the internet of things (IoT), and blockchain are redefining how financial institutions deliver services. It is an enormous task to remain competitive in this ever-changing environment. Financial institutions see FinTech as a major part of the digital future, and as proof of this, since 2015, financial institutions have invested over US$ 27 billion in FinTech and digital innovation. This chapter is an introductory chapter that explores FinTech in the literature. It focuses on how FinTech is reshaping the financial industry by describing FinTech phases and development process. The financial products and services using FinTech are also described with a highlight on Islamic FinTech. The chapter finally concludes by describing the future of FinTech.

scholarly journals Technology as portrayed in popular culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia Qaderi
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Popular Culture ◽  
Information And Communication Technology ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Smart Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Information And Communication

The internet has completely reconfigured social relationships. As information and communication technology continues to change and evolve in ways that were previously unimaginable, films like Spike Jonze’s Her seem not so far from future technological developments. The purpose of this paper is to depict how Jonze’s work does a substantive job in portraying the disconnection from the world individual undergoes when they overly depend on technology for affection and meaning. One may think the idea of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) becoming so personable as unachievable, however, most of our smart technology is already customized to suit our personal needs and gives us quick information such as Siri or Alexa. This paper discusses some relevant aspects of this problem.

Moral Recognition and the Limits of Impartialist Ethics

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-138
Author(s):  
Udo Schuklenk
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Moral Status ◽  
Moral Consideration ◽  
Moral Obligations ◽  
Conceptual Frameworks ◽  
Species Membership ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Self Learning ◽  
As If

‘Moral status’ is simply a convenient label for ‘is owed moral consideration of a kind’. This chapter argues that we should abandon it and instead focus on the question of what kinds of dispositional capabilities, species memberships, relationships etc., constitute ethically defensible criteria that justifiably trigger particular kinds of moral obligations. Chimeras, human brain organoids, and artificial intelligence do not pose new challenges. Existing conceptual frameworks, and the criteria for moral consideration that they trigger (species membership, sentientism, personhood) are still defensible and applicable. The challenge at hand is arguably an empirical challenge that philosophers and ethicists qua philosophers and ethicists are ill equipped to handle. The challenge that needs addressing is essentially whether a self-learning AI machine, that responds exactly in the same way to a particular event as a person or sentient being would, should be treated as if it was such a person or sentient being, despite doubts about its de facto lack of dispositional capabilities that would normally give rise to such responses.

scholarly journals BUREAUCRATIC DISRUPSION AND THREATS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE INDSUTRI 4.0 REVOLUTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Risky Ristiandy
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Sophisticated Technology

The rapid technological advances in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era resulted in various technological developments that were increasingly innovative and varied. Starting from this then innovation about artificial intelligence or Artificial Intelligence began to attract many parties including the government itself to use it in the life of the bureaucracy in this country. This was then compounded by the development of the Internet of Things and Big Data which added to the government's desire to modernize the bureaucracy but was threatened by the disruption that would change all the old orders used and upheld. Disruption in the body of the bureaucracy and the future will be a time bomb on the problems it carries which will have an impact on unemployment problems involving the unemployed state people and people who were originally part of the State Civil Apparatus, and this matter a challenge going forward for the government how to respond to a comprehensive change in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 to be able to run a modern government with sophisticated technology while still prioritizing the conditions of its people.Keywords: Industrial Revolution 4.0, Disruption, Unemployment.

8. The changing nature of marketing

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-130
Author(s):  
Kenneth Le Meunier-FitzHugh
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Corporate Social

This chapter discusses how marketing is changing in response to external influences. Nothing has been more transforming to the function of marketing than the development of the internet, digitalization, and, more recently, artificial intelligence. The growth of social media has provided new opportunities for communicating and establishing relationships with customers and consumers, which are considerably more flexible than traditional media. The internet and other technological developments have also provided the perfect conditions for driving the rapid growth of tech start-up companies, media-based businesses, and e-commerce. The chapter then examines societal marketing, which has become important to organizations in response to changing perceptions of the market concerning ethics, corporate social responsibility, and sustainable development.

Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Moral Status ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
Original Essays ◽  
Near Future

Featuring seventeen original essays on the ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) by today’s most prominent AI scientists and academic philosophers, this volume represents state-of-the-art thinking in this fast-growing field. It highlights central themes in AI and morality such as how to build ethics into AI, how to address mass unemployment caused by automation, how to avoid designing AI systems that perpetuate existing biases, and how to determine whether an AI is conscious. As AI technologies progress, questions about the ethics of AI, in both the near future and the long term, become more pressing than ever. Should a self-driving car prioritize the lives of the passengers over those of pedestrians? Should we as a society develop autonomous weapon systems capable of identifying and attacking a target without human intervention? What happens when AIs become smarter and more capable than us? Could they have greater than human-level moral status? Can we prevent superintelligent AIs from harming us or causing our extinction? At a critical time in this fast-moving debate, thirty leading academics and researchers at the forefront of AI technology development have come together to explore these existential questions.

scholarly journals SUITCEYES Scoping Report on Law and Policy on Deafblindness, Disability and New Technologies: United Kingdom

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Lesley Woodin
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Broad Overview

This report discusses law and policy on new technologies: artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and the Internet of Things (IoT) in relation to disabled people and people with deafblindness in the UK. Written as part of the SUITCEYES project, it provides a broad overview of formal rights and the extent to which disabled people can access new technologies in practice. The field is fast moving and volatile, with judgements regularly made and overturned in the courts and frequent new initiatives. The UK government emphasises the importance of investing in new technologies as a means of strengthening the economy. The opportunities represented by technological developments have been largely welcomed by disabled people but questions remain about how the technology might be used and developed by disabled people and people with deafblindness themselves and the need for safeguards against exploitation.

Cybersecurity and its discontents: Artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and digital misinformation

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex S Wilner
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Smart Cars ◽  
Digital Landscape ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
The Way

The future of cybersecurity is in flux. Artificial intelligence challenges existing notions of security, human rights, and governance. Digital misinformation campaigns leverage fabrications and mistruths for political and geostrategic gain. And the Internet of Things—a digital landscape in which billions of wireless objects from smart fridges to smart cars are tethered together—provides new means to distribute and conduct cyberattacks. As technological developments alter the way we think about cybersecurity, they will likewise broaden the way governments and societies will have to learn to respond. This policy brief discusses the emerging landscape of cybersecurity in Canada and abroad, with the intent of informing public debate and discourse on emerging cyber challenges and opportunities.

Creative Strategy Used in Electronic Advertising

GIS Business ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 597-606
Author(s):  
Dr. Maha Mustafa Omer Abdalaziz
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Creative Strategy ◽  
Electronic Environment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Electronic Advertising

The study aims at the technological developments that are taking place in the world and have impacted on all sectors and fields and imposed on the business organizations and commercial companies to carry out their marketing and promotional activities within the electronic environment. The most prominent of these developments is the emergence of the concept of electronic advertising which opened a wide range of companies and businessmen to advertise And to promote their products and their work easily through the Internet, which has become full of electronic advertising, and in light of that will discuss the creative strategy used in electronic advertising;

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