From the Quarrel of Monotheism to the Babel–Bibel Controversy

2021 ◽  
pp. 167-190
Author(s):  
Guy G. Stroumsa
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
International Impact ◽  
The Status ◽  
Political Borders

The chapter ponders the massive international impact of Renan’s views on Semitic monotheism. This impact, spread across linguistic, religious, and political borders, enduringly echoed the idea of Semitic monotheism. At the same time, it triggered a series of polemical responses that questioned the very legitimacy of the idea. The chapter also reviews new developments among German historians of religion in the last decades of the nineteenth century on the approach of biblical monotheism. In particular, we focus on another major scholarly affair, which took place at turn of the century, around a scholarly school that sought to discredit the idea of the Israelite origins of monotheism. These developments must be understood in the context of the growing racial anti-Semitism. The significant role of Jewish scholars in both affairs, in which the status of ancient Israelite monotheism was questioned, will also be surveyed.

scholarly journals Debating Scientific Medicine: Homoeopathy and Allopathy in Late Nineteenth-century Medical Print in Bengal1

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinjini Das
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
Scientific Medicine ◽  
Medical Journals ◽  
The Status ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Print Market

AbstractThe historiography of medicine in South Asia often assumes the presence of preordained, homogenous, coherent and clearly-bound medical systems. They also tend to take the existence of a medical ‘mainstream’ for granted. This article argues that the idea of an ‘orthodox’, ‘mainstream’ named allopathy and one of its ‘alternatives’ homoeopathy were co-produced in Bengal. It emphasises the role of the supposed ‘fringe’, ie. homoeopathy, in identifying and organising the ‘orthodoxy’ of the time. The shared market for medicine and print provided a crucial platform where such binary identities such as ‘homoeopaths’ and ‘allopaths’ were constituted and reinforced. This article focuses on a range of polemical writings by physicians in the Bengali print market since the 1860s. Published mostly in late nineteenth-century popular medical journals, these concerned the nature, definition and scope of ‘scientific’ medicine. The article highlights these published disputes and critical correspondence among physicians as instrumental in simultaneously shaping the categories ‘allopathy’ and ‘homoeopathy’ in Bengali print. It unravels how contemporary understandings of race, culture and nationalism informed these medical discussions. It further explores the status of these medical contestations, often self-consciously termed ‘debates’, as an essential contemporary trope in discussing ‘science’ in the vernacular.

NATION, GOVERNMENT, AND ‘ANTI-SEMITISM’ IN EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY AUSTRIA

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM D. GODSEY
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Revolutionary Era ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Imperial Capital ◽  
The Status ◽  
Jewish Descent ◽  
Late Modern

ABSTRACTIn 1808, an Estate of the lesser nobility of the Lower Austrian diet approved a statute barring from membership persons of Jewish descent in the ‘third degree’ regardless of confession. It is the only documented instance in Europe for the revolutionary era of such a paragraph that, in its rejection of Jewish ancestry in both the paternal and maternal lines, resembled the early modern Spanish statutes of ‘blood purity’ and the twentieth-century Nuremberg laws. The Josephian patent of toleration of 1782 had not allowed Jews to become members of the corporate nobility (the first Jew was only ennobled in 1789), but had relieved some of the worst aspects of discrimination. By the early nineteenth century, the archduchy of Lower Austria (including the imperial capital at Vienna) contained the largest, wealthiest, and most self-confident Jewish community in the Hapsburg Monarchy. The statute of 1808 was a reaction to Jewish acculturation to the upper class (including conversion, intermarriage, concessions of property-rights, the existence of salons in which Jews and new Christians mixed with the nobility) that presented a perceived threat to the status of its marginal members (lesser landed nobles, ennobled officialdom, and ennobled professionals). The statute was also a product of the politically and nationally charged atmosphere in Vienna between the Austrian defeat by Napoleon at Austerlitz (1805) and the renewed war against France (1809). No simple ideological continuum connects the Lower Austrian paragraph to either the early modern Spanish or the late modern Nazi ordinances. But it was the first such statute to take shape in a political context fraught with recognizably late modern concepts of ‘nation’. The statute of 1808 furthermore evidences the continuing fractured nature of public authority and lack of thorough-going state-formation in Austria.

Studies on Beetles of the Family Ptinidae. XVII.—Conclusions and additional Remarks

1959 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Howe
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Beetle Population ◽  
Textile Fabrics ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Steady Rate ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status

The identification of spider beetles found in storage premises, especially of species ofPtinus s.l.andMeziumhas frequently been incorrect. The inadequacy of the present descriptions of genera and subgenera of spider beetles is pointed out. Grouping of the storage species by adult and larval characters corresponds well. The recorded world distribution of species is shown in a Table.Species of spider beetle considered to be native to Britain arePtinus lichenumMarsham,P. palliatusPerris andP. subpilosusSturm, which are not found in storage premises, andP. fur(L.),P. sexpunctatusPanz. andTipnus unicolor(Pill. & Mitt.), which may be found in warehouses. Eight species and a gyno-genetic form have been imported into Britain and have succeeded in becoming established,Mezium affineBoield.,Gibbium psylloides(Czenp.) andNiptus hololeucus(Fald.), early in the nineteenth century,Ptinus clavipesPanz. and also its triploid formmobilisMoore (=P. latro, auct.) later in the nineteenth century,Ptinus tectusBoield.,Trigonogenius globulusSol. andPtinus pusillusSturm about the turn of the century, and finallyPseudeurostus hilleri(Rttr.) about 20 years ago. The status and distribution of each species is discussed. OnlyPtinus tectusis a widespread pest in Britain.The wide variety of food suitable for scavenging species which will utilise substances of both animal and vegetable origin is stressed. Spider beetles are especially attracted to moisture and excrement and as a result will occur in the protected nests of other species of animal. Published records of associations of spider beetles with nests are summarised in a Table. Animal droppings and dead insects enable spider beetles to grow rapidly. Wool, hair and feathers, textile fabrics, old wood and a number of apparently non-nutritive substances are damaged by spider beetle larvae which seem to be able to grow on some of these substances.Damage caused by spider beetles is mainly indirect, contamination due to frass, silk and fragments of dead insects, the boring of holes in containers and spinning of cocoons on the containers. Actual loss of weight due to feeding is small unless the beetle population is enormous.A large proportion of the adult spider-beetle population of a warehouse inhabits cracks in the floors or walls and spreads from there to the peripheral part of stacks of produce where eggs are laid, producing a superficial infestation. Adult spider beetles are chiefly active at night. Parasites and predators recorded as attacking spider beetles are listed, and methods of culturing species are described.Spider beetles usually have three larval instars, but adverse conditions may increase their number. The total developmental period is long compared with other families of warehouse beetles. Most spider beetles have a normal life-cycle but some species ofPtinushave a facultative larval diapause and an adult dormant period preceding emergence from the cocoon. The diapause and dormancy enable adults of these species to emerge in the autumn regardless of the weather during the previous season. Adults live from 6 to 15 months. At constant temperature, eggs are laid at a steady rate, the number being laid varying from under 50 in some species ofPtinusto nearly 1,000 inP. tectus.The influences of temperature, humidity, food, population density and of diapause and dormancy on the rate of increase of spider-beetle species is discussed. The most rapid increase possible for these species in Britain is doubling in three weeks byP. tectus. It is concluded thatP. tectusis unlikely to be superseded as the most important spider beetle of cool temperate areas and that, elsewhere, spider beetles will not attain the importance of this species.Grouping the species on their biological features corresponds with the taxonomic relationships of the family.

System of Standards on Information, Librarianship and Publishing. Analyzing standards status and development vectors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Dmitrieva ◽  
◽  
Igor Timoshenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Technical Committee ◽  
Scientific And Technical Information ◽  
The Status

The key activity lines of Technical Committee for Standardization 191 «Scientific and Technical Information, Librarianship and Publishing» are discussed. The status of standards pool is evaluated; the priority tasks in developing SIBID regulations are discussed. The significant role of intergovernmental standardization system in cooperation between the post-Soviet countries in the library and information sphere, in science, business and culture, is demonstrated. The increasing role of SIBID specifications in library information technologies is emphasized. It is suggested that it would be efficient to involve interested IT-companies into developing regulations in this area.

scholarly journals New developments in reaction theory: preparing for the FRIB era

2018 ◽  
Vol 178 ◽  
pp. 03001 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.M. Nunes ◽  
P.C. Capel ◽  
Ch. Elster ◽  
L. Hlophe ◽  
Jin Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Nuclei ◽  
Core Excitation ◽  
Faddeev Equations ◽  
New Developments ◽  
The Status ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Reaction Theory ◽  
R Process ◽  
The Continuum

This is a brief report on the progress made towards an exact theory for (d,p) on heavy nuclei, which is important to determine neutron capture rates for r-process nuclei. We first discuss the role of core excitation in the framework of Faddeev equations. Following that, we provide the status of the Faddeev theory being developed in the Coulomb basis with separable interactions. We then present some recent developments on nonlocal nucleon optical potentials. Finally, the progress on the theory transfer to the continuum is summarized.

scholarly journals An autopsic art: drawings of ‘Dr Granville's mummy’ in the Royal Society archives

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Riggs
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Egyptian Mummy ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Race Science ◽  
Scientific Expertise ◽  
First Time

In 1821 Augustus Bozzi Granville FRS unwrapped and dissected an ancient Egyptian mummy, presenting the results of his examination to the Royal Society in 1825. He commissioned artist Henry Perry to draw the process in stages; these drawings were subsequently engraved by James Basire for publication in Philosophical Transactions . This article presents the original drawings for the first time, allowing comparison with their engravings. Taken together with Granville's accounts of the unwrapping of the mummy, the drawings demonstrate the significant role of illustration and other visual practices in anatomical argumentation in the early nineteenth century, as well as the prestige that commissioned illustrations lent to the performance and dissemination of scientific expertise. Moreover, the drawings include one of the key visual tropes of race science—a skull in left-facing profile, mapped with a facial angle—and thus indicate the early incorporation of Egyptian mummies into typologies of race.

Historical Geography of the Sinai Peninsula and its impact in the regional and international milieu: الجُغرافيا التَّاريخيَّةُ لشِبهِ جِزيرةِ سَيناء وتَأثيرُها فِي الوَسطيْن الإقليميِّ والدَوْلي

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmin Kamel Salim Bin Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Historical Geography ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Sinai Peninsula ◽  
First Line ◽  
The Status ◽  
Political Borders ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
Shed Light

The research aimed to shed light on the Sinai peninsula and its importance throughout the ages, and its impact on the regional and international circles, and to reveal the manifestations of strength that lie behind the geographical location and historical role of Sinai. The study relied on the historical inductive approach, in addition to analyzing and evaluating the writings on the Sinai, with a view to arriving at general rulings on the strategic importance of the Sinai Peninsula through the ages. Geographic information systems. The research is based on a study of the historical geography of the Sinai Peninsula, its impact on the regional and international circles, and the revelation of the manifestations of strength that underlie Sinai's geographical location and historical role. The study also dealt with the natural, human and economic ingredients that the Sinai Peninsula played a major role in its impact, as well as the study of the political borders and problems of Sinai, the extent of its impact on the Palestinian and Israeli sides, and the status of the Sinai Peninsula. The most important results:  It became clear through the study the importance of the geographical location of the Sinai Peninsula, and the natural and human constituents helped to reinforce this importance, in addition to the strategic depth that it enjoys, as well as the area of ​​the peninsula that is not commensurate with the population, which led to the resettlement of the population by a state Arab Egypt, to be its first line of defense. The study recommended the necessity of accelerating the comprehensive and sustainable development of the Sinai Peninsula, and investing economic resources.

Aloïs Humbert (1829–1887), the first professional curator of natural history in Geneva

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-285
Author(s):  
John Hollier ◽  
Anita Hollier
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Natural History ◽  
The Status

Aloïs Humbert was the first scientist employed by the Musée académique de Genève, but his career as a whole has a much closer resemblance to his “gentleman scientist” contemporaries such as Henri de Saussure and Alphonse Pictet (both of whom also studied under François-Jules Pictet and contributed to the development of the museum) than to that of his successor in the post, Godefroy Lunel. His career is presented to throw light on the professionalization of science in nineteenth-century Geneva, and it is suggested that his prestige raised the status of the role of museum scientist, to the benefit of his successors.

scholarly journals Representations of the New Woman in "The Irish Times" and "The Weekly Irish Times". A Preliminary Approach

Oceánide ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
María Jesús Lorenzo Modia ◽  
María Begoña Lasa Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Woman ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
New Journalism ◽  
Letters To The Editor ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The New Woman ◽  
Corpus Selection

This article presents a preliminary approach to the study of the images of the New Woman in the publications "The Irish Times" and "The Weekly Irish Times" at the turn of the twentieth century. From the theoretical framework of women’s studies the concept of New Woman is analysed in relation to that of New Journalism, which arose at the same time. Additionally, the aetiology and features of the two publications, plus the criteria for corpus selection, are described, and the corpus texts are compared to similar English publications of the period. The complex political situation in Ireland at the turn of the century is also considered. The role of women and the various perceptions of them are analysed, both in the sections of letters to the Editor and in essays. The roles of women in "The Irish Times" and "The Weekly Irish Times" are also compared to those depicted in journals and newspapers addressed to a female readership. The study concludes with excerpts of the two publications in question and the analysis of the contradictory opinions on the lives and roles of women in the nineteenth-century fin de siècle.

Writing-Mediated Interaction Face-to-Face: Sinitic Brushtalk in the Japanese Missions’ Transnational Encounters with Foreigners During the Mid-Nineteenth Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-269
Author(s):  
Reijiro Aoyama
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Us ◽  
Return Journey ◽  
National Languages

Abstract Drawing on Chinese-Japanese transnational and transcultural interaction in the mid-nineteenth century, this article illustrates how Sinitic brushtalk functioned as an effective modality of communication between Chinese and Japanese literati who did not have a shared spoken language. The illustrations are adapted from personal diary-like travelogues of Japanese travelers to Shanghai on board the Senzaimaru in 1862 and participants in the Japanese mission to the United States in 1860. The recollection of the brushtalkers with their Chinese interlocutors whom they met on the way, including those during their return journey from the US while calling at trading ports like Batavia and Hong Kong, provides elaborate details on how writing-mediated improvisation using brush, ink, and paper allowed Japanese travelers with literacy in Sinitic to engage in “silent conversation” with their literate Chinese counterparts. A third historical context where Sinitic brushtalk was put to meaningful use was US–Japanese negotiations during Commodore Perry’s naval expedition to Edo Bay in 1854, where Luo Sen, bilingual in Chinese (spoken Cantonese) and English, was hired to perform the role of secretary. Throughout the negotiations, Luo was able to perform his duties admirably in part by impressing the Japanese side with his fine brushtalk improvisations. While misunderstanding and miscommunication could not be entirely avoided, the article concludes that until the early 1900s writing-mediated interaction through Sinitic brushtalk in face-to-face encounters functioned adequately and effectively as a scripta franca between literate Japanese and their Chinese “silent conversation” partners both within and beyond Sinographic East Asia. Such a unique modality of communication remained vibrant until the advent of nationalism and the vernacularization of East Asian national languages at the turn of the century.

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