Reforming the High Schools

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Nasaw
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New York ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
High Rate ◽  
School Systems ◽  
School Age ◽  
The City

The reformed boards, their superintendents, and their professional staffs had their work cut out for them. As we have seen, the city and some rural school systems had never been able to catch up with the expanding school-age population. Overcrowding was particularly a problem in the urban areas of the Northeast and the Midwest. In New York City alone, “at the turn of the century 1,100 willing children were refused admission to any school for lack of space.” The situation was as bad in other city school systems. The overcrowding was no doubt contributory to the high rate of failure and growing percentage of overage students in the city schools—over 40 percent of the total in the Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, New York, and Minneapolis systems, according to Colin Greer. One might have expected that the major thrust of reform at the turn of the century would be these urban schools. But this was not the case. As the nineteenth century gave way to the twentieth, the major concern of the public school reformers was not the overcrowded elementary schools, but the relatively underattended high schools. Though the elementary schools were not doing their job as well as might be hoped, they were at least keeping upwards of 70 percent of the school-age population off the streets and under proper supervision through their most tender years. The same could not be said of the secondary schools. As late as 1890, more than 90 percent of the fourteen-to-seventeen-year-olds (those potentially dangerous adolescents) were free of any institutional supervision. Here was a potential “social problem” much more dangerous than overcrowding and failure in the elementary grades. The progressive reformers and their colleagues had succeeded through the closing decades of the nineteenth century in drawing attention to the “youth” and “class” problems. The problems, as they themselves had pointed out, were interconnected. Problem adolescents were not going to become model wageworkers; they were much more likely to become problem workers. The solution proposed to the youth and class problems was an institutional one.

International Opera in Nineteenth-century New York

2020 ◽  
pp. 244-269
Author(s):  
Karen Ahlquist
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
World War I ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
World War ◽  
Metropolitan Opera ◽  
The City

This chapter charts how canonic repertories evolved in very different forms in New York City during the nineteenth century. The unstable succession of entrepreneurial touring troupes that visited the city adapted both repertory and individual pieces to the audience’s taste, from which there emerged a major theater, the Metropolitan Opera, offering a mix of German, Italian, and French works. The stable repertory in place there by 1910 resembles to a considerable extent that performed in the same theater today. Indeed, all of the twenty-five operas most often performed between 1883 and 2015 at the Metropolitan Opera were written before World War I. The repertory may seem haphazard in its diversity, but that very condition proved to be its strength in the long term. This chapter is paired with Benjamin Walton’s “Canons of real and imagined opera: Buenos Aires and Montevideo, 1810–1860.”

Urban Formalism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Faflik
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New York ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
The West ◽  
Urban Experience ◽  
Street Protest ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Form ◽  
The City

Urban Formalism radically reimagines what it meant to “read” a brave new urban world during the transformative middle decades of the nineteenth century. At a time when contemporaries in the twin capitals of modernity in the West, New York and Paris, were learning to make sense of unfamiliar surroundings, city peoples increasingly looked to the experiential patterns, or forms, from their everyday lives in an attempt to translate urban experience into something they could more easily comprehend. Urban Formalism interrogates both the risks and rewards of an interpretive practice that depended on the mutual relation between urbanism and formalism, at a moment when the subjective experience of the city had reached unprecedented levels of complexity. What did it mean to read a city sidewalk as if it were a literary form, like a poem? On what basis might the material form of a burning block of buildings be received as a pleasurable spectacle? How closely aligned were the ideology and choreography of the political form of a revolutionary street protest? And what were the implications of conceiving of the city’s exciting dynamism in the static visual form of a photographic composition? These are the questions that Urban Formalism asks and begins to answer, with the aim of proposing a revisionist semantics of the city. This book not only provides an original cultural history of forms. It posits a new form of urban history, comprised of the representative rituals of interpretation that have helped give meaningful shape to metropolitan life.

Photography and the Image of the City

2020 ◽  
pp. 96-123
Author(s):  
David Faflik
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New York ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Visual Form ◽  
Visual Survey ◽  
The City

This chapter examines the visual form of urban photography during the technology’s foundational stages of the mid-nineteenth century. Of special interest in this chapter is the photographic form of the daguerreotype. Because of its technical limitations and cumbersome requirements for prolonged exposure, the daguerreotype was never a literal window onto the city. The photographic process itself posed the practical and philosophical paradox of whether a city that could not and would not stand still might be interpreted by a mode of representation that required its objects of observation to be stationary. This new technology could offer up images of exquisite detail. It could also produce (unlike the alternative later technology of the stereoscope) pictures in which the pulsating life of the metropolis was more or less absent. Chapter 4 addresses this representational paradox, while presenting a selective visual survey of some of the early city views from New York and Paris that photography afforded the nineteenth-century reader.

Public-sector Intervention in Embodying the New Economy in Inner Urban Areas: The Barcelona Experience

Urban Studies ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 1137-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antònia Casellas ◽  
Montserrat Pallares-Barbera
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
City Council ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Public Agency ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The City ◽  
Radical Transformation

This article investigates the urban and economic revitalisation of a traditional industrial working-class neighbourhood into a knowledge-based economic district. It explores why and how this new district is the result of an assertive public policy led by Barcelona's city council and implemented by a quasi-public agency. The project represents the most important urban-growth strategy in the city at the turn of the century and also exemplifies the advantages and shortcomings of many of the policy elements that have contributed to the radical transformation of Barcelona in recent decades. The article further highlights methodological challenges regarding the conceptualisation and operationalisation of new economic activities and it discusses the spatial and uncertain economic consequences of this ambitious approach by the local government.

Recent Trends in Revising the Curricula in Mathematics for Junior High Schools in New York City

1942 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 344-348
Author(s):  
Mesmin Arenwald
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
High Schools ◽  
York City ◽  
Junior High ◽  
Junior High Schools ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Course Of Study

A new course of study in arithmetic for Elementary Schools in New York City, Grades 1A-8B, was introduced into the Elementary Schools and into the seventh and eighth year of the Junior High Schools in September, 1929.

scholarly journals GEOINFORMATION MODELING OF M. KHARKOV TERRITORY DEVELOPMENT IN RETROSPECTIVE

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-131
Author(s):  
Danylo Kin ◽  
Nadiia Lazorenco-Hevel ◽  
Nataliia Shudra
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Topographic Information ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Geoinformation Modeling ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

Changes in urban areas are happening faster than they are being mapped. Modern methods of collecting topographic information and conducting topographic monitoring allow you to quickly track and record these changes. Retrospective cartographic data contain valuable geographical information about territories in historical terms. The purpose of the article is to study the changes in the territory by means of geospatial-retrospective analysis on the example of the city of Kharkiv. This article proposes for the first time the use of geospatial-retrospective analysis to study changes in territories on the example of the city of Kharkiv. To find the geospatial pattern of development of boundaries and changes in the area of the city of Kharkiv, a geospatial-retrospective analysis was performed, the results of which confirmed the high rate of increase in the area and boundaries of the city. 

scholarly journals Will Distance to the Capital City Matter When Supplying New Cities in Egypt?

GeoScape ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed R. Ibrahim ◽  
Houshmand E. Masoumi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Capital City ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Occupancy Rate ◽  
Spatial Characteristics ◽  
Greater Cairo ◽  
Occupancy Rates ◽  
The City ◽  
Geographical Locations

Abstract Unlike other developing countries, the housing market in Egypt is characterized by densely populated urban areas in old cities and the peripheral urban agglomeration. In contrast, a high rate of vacancy along most of the new cities that have been established since the 1980s is seen. Regardless of such high rate of vacancies, still the variation in occupancy rates among those new cities is notable. Questions arising include: Does proximity to old cities or Greater Cairo affect the size of the population of the new cities? Is the size of the city or the year of establishment plays roles in attracting more inhabitants? The factors of spatial characteristics of new cities in Egypt remain questionable. This research aims to reveal the association between occupancy rate and six factors related to the spatial characteristics of new cities and their geographical locations, such as; current inhabitants, the estimated size of the target group, the size of new cities, total number of housing units, distance to nearby old city, and distance to Greater Cairo.

Constructing Identity in Seneca Village

2019 ◽  
pp. 157-180
Author(s):  
Diana Dizerega Wall ◽  
Nan A. Rothschild ◽  
Meredith B. Linn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New York ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Black Community ◽  
York City ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Central Park ◽  
The City

This chapter explores the issue of identity in Seneca Village, a nineteenth-century, middle-class, black community located in what is now Central Park in New York City. The city evicted the residents in 1857, and until recently this important village was forgotten. Using information from historical documents and material culture (including landscaping and both the form and decoration of dishes) excavated from the site in 2011, this study examines the intersection of class, race, and nationality. The evidence suggests that the identity of at least one family there was made of many strands: they may have identified themselves as members of the black middle class, as Americans, as African Americans, and perhaps even as Africans, depending on the situation and the audience. Skillful use of these strands may have been one way in which this and other village families attempted to ameliorate oppression and to make a place for themselves.

Reading the Urban Form of Fire

2020 ◽  
pp. 46-71
Author(s):  
David Faflik
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New York ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Big City ◽  
The Senses ◽  
The City

This chapter considers the big-city blaze as an “object” of interpretation. Given the disturbing frequency of fires that occurred there, New York in the nineteenth century became the home of a unique variety of city reader: the fire watcher. Readers of what were known in this earlier era as “conflagrations” faced a dilemma of formal proportions: whether to interpret the form of fire as a direct material threat to city peoples and property, or else as a captivating pyrotechnic display capable of delighting the senses. Compounding this formal conundrum was the question of how a reader responded to the working-class men who typically volunteered to fight these fires. It was not seldom the case that fire readers who belonged to the middle- and upper classes of society came to regard the improvised physicality and boisterous rowdyism of the amateur fireman as a threat nearly equal to that posed by the city fire.

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