Drug Transport by Fluid Motion

Drug Delivery ◽  
2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Mark Saltzman
Keyword(s):  
Drug Transport ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Fluid Motion ◽  
Convective Transport ◽  
Interstitial Space ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Molecular Movement ◽  
The Brain

The rate of molecular movement by diffusion decreases dramatically with distance, and is generally inadequate for transport over distances greater than 100 μm. The movement of molecules over distances greater than 100 μm occurs in specialized compartments in the body: blood circulates through arteries and veins; interstitial fluid collects in lymphatic vessels before returning to the blood; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) percolates through the central nervous system (CNS) in the brain ventricles and subarachnoid space. In these systems, molecules move primarily by bulk flow, or convection. Diffusive transport is driven by differences in concentration; convective transport is driven by differences in hydrostatic and osmotic pressure. This chapter introduces the principles of drug distribution by pressure-driven transport. The elaborate network of arteries, capillaries, and veins that carry blood throughout the body are described first in this chapter. Hydrostatic pressure within the blood vasculature drives fluid through the vessel wall (recall Equation 5-28) and into the extravascular space of tissues. Fluid flow through the interstitial space is not well understood, although the importance of interstitial flows in moving drug molecules through tissue is beginning to be appreciated. Engineering approaches for analyzing fluid flows in the interstitium are described in the second section of the chapter. Finally, the specialized systems for returning interstitial fluid to the blood are essential for clearance of molecules from the interstitial space; therefore, the chapter also provides a description of the dynamics of lymph flow in the periphery and CSF production and circulation in the brain. Our bodies appear, from the outside, to be solid masses that are slow to change, but, just beneath the surface, is a torrent of fluid motion. Blood moves at high velocity throughout the body within an interconnected and highly branched network of vessels. The cross-sectional area changes significantly along the network, and blood flow to the periphery emerges from the heart within a single vessel, which branches and rebranches to distribute blood to every tissue and organ.

scholarly journals Phenylalanine and Tryptophan Intake of Hyperactive Children with Autism

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Puspito Arum ◽  
Dahlia Indah Amareta ◽  
Faridlotul Zannah
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Normal Behavior ◽  
Hyperactive Children ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
The Brain

Background: Hyperactive is behavior which demonstrates the attitude of more energy than normal behavior. Level of neurotransmitter dopamine and serotonin in the body may be the factor of this disorder behavior.  Level of phenylalanine and serotonin were found high in hyperactive children with autism. Level phenylalanine in the brain shows that it is not changed into tyrosine so dopamine can not be form. Serotonin derived from an amino acid tryptophan.Objective: To understand the association between phenylalanine and tryptophan intake to hyperactivity of  children with autism.Methods: A survey analytic research with cross sectional approach involving 20 subjects. Phenylalanine and tryptophan intake data was collected by Semi Quantitative-Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ), and hyperactivity disorder of children with autism was measured based on DSM-IV guidelines. Results: Eight (40%) children had low hyperactivity, 9 (45%) children had moderate hyperactivity, 2 (10%) children had severe hyperactivity, and 1 (5%) child had very severe hyperactivity. Mean phenylalanine intake was 4899.74mg (±1543.42) with maximum and minimum intake respectively 7735.42mg and 1843.88mg. Tryptophan intake was 1153.91mg (±384.99) with maximum and minimum intake respectively 1953.89mg and 367.69mg. There was significant association between phenylalanine intake (p=0,034; r=0,477) and tryptophan intake and hyperactivity (p=0,026; r=0,492).Conclusion: There is an association between intakes of amino acid phenylalanine and amino acid tryptophan with hyperactivity of autistic children

Imaging and reconstruction of the cytoarchitecture of axonal fibres: enabling biomedical engineering studies involving brain microstructure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Bernardini ◽  
Marco Trovatelli ◽  
Michal Klosowski ◽  
Matteo Pederzani ◽  
Davide Zani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Convection Enhanced Delivery ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Fiber Tracts ◽  
Brain Microstructure ◽  
3D Volume ◽  
The Brain

Abstract There is an increased need and focus to understand how local brain microstructure affects the transport of drug molecules directly administered to the brain tissue, for example in convection-enhanced delivery procedures. This study reports the first systematic attempt to characterize the cytoarchitecture of commissural, long association and projection fibers, namely: the corpus callosum, the fornix and the corona radiata. Ovine samples from three different subjects were stained with osmium tetroxide (to enhance contrast from cell organelles and the fibers), embedded in resin and then imaged using scanning electron microscope combined with focused ion beam milling to generate 3D volume reconstructions of the tissue at subcellular spatial resolution. Particular focus has been given to the characteristic cytological feature of the white matter: the axons and their alignment in the tissue. Via 2D images a homogeneous myelination has been estimated via detection of ~40% content of lipids in all the different fiber tracts. Additionally, for each tract, a 3D reconstruction of relatively large volumes (15μm x 15μm x 15μm – including a significant number of axons) has been performed. Namely, outer axonal ellipticity, outer axonal cross-sectional area and their relative perimeter have been measured. The study of well-resolved microstructural features provides useful insight into the fibrous organization of the tissue, whose micromechanical behaviour is that of a composite material presenting elliptical tortuous tubular fibers embedded in the extra-cellular matrix. Drug flow can be captured through microstructurally-based models, leading to a workflow to enable physically-accurate simulations of drug delivery to the targeted tissue.

scholarly journals LOW BACK PAIN

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (04) ◽  
pp. 509-513
Author(s):  
Anam Saleem ◽  
Hassan Jameel ◽  
Muhammad Qasim Idrees ◽  
Arif Ali Rana
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Hospital General ◽  
Subjective Sensation

Objectives: To determine the level of disability in nurses with low back pain.Background: Pain is unpleasant expressive condition which is felt in the brain and arises in apart of the body. In spite of, this term is a subjective sensation. In health care workers LBP isthe major cause of morbidity. Nurses are more prone to vulnerable Low Back Pain in the healthcare services. Study Design: Descriptive Cross Sectional. Setting: Data was collected from273 nurses from different hospitals of Lahore Pakistan like Jinnah hospital, Children hospital,Mayo hospital, Sheikh Zaid hospital, General hospital, Punjab Institute of Cardiology, ServicesHospital, Ch. Akram Hospital. Period: 06 months. Methodology: Oswestry Disability Indexquestionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive statistic was used for the analysis ofthe data which paying attention through frequency tables. Results: The total mean score ofOswestry scale of disability was 10.81±( SD=11.028).Total mean age 29.11±( SD=6.001).Level of disability was found highest in lifting due to backache in nurses with mean score was2.42+1.60. Conclusion: Level of disability in nurses with low back pain was found to be in mildstate. The highest level of disability was found in lifting due to low back pain in nurses.

scholarly journals Region Detection and Segmentation of Brain Hemorrhage using Algorithmic Approach of Image Processing

2022 ◽  
Vol 2161 (1) ◽  
pp. 012070
Author(s):  
Krithika M Pai
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Brain Hemorrhage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Region Detection ◽  
Computer Tomography Scan ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Brain is one of the most important part of the body. Brain Hemorrhage is a severe head injury that deteriorates the performance and function of an individual. Brain Hemorrhage can be detected through CT (Computer Tomography) scan of the brain. CT scan uses narrow X-ray beam which rotates around the part of the body and provides a set of images from different angles and the computer creates a cross-sectional view. It is challenging to detect and segment the region of the brain having Hemorrhage. Hence an automated system would be handy at those times. In the proposed work an attempt has been made to segment and identify the hemorrhaged region of the brain in the CT scan slices of the image. Brain hemorrhage segmentation helps to identify the region of brain hemorrhage which in turn helps to treat the patients at an early stage. The region of brain hemorrhage is appropriately identified from the proposed algorithm.

scholarly journals Cerebrospinal Fluid and Interstitial Fluid Motion via the Glymphatic Pathway Modelled by Optimal Mass Transport

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim Ratner ◽  
Yi Gao ◽  
Hedok Lee ◽  
Maikan Nedergaard ◽  
Helene Benveniste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Fluid Motion ◽  
Flow Patterns ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Fluid Exchange ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Glymphatic Pathway ◽  
The Brain

It was recently shown that the brain-wide cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid exchange system designated the `glymphatic pathway' plays a key role in removing waste products from the brain, similarly to the lymphatic system in other body organs [1,2]. It is therefore important to study the flow patterns of glymphatic transport through the live brain in order to better understand its functionality in normal and pathological states. Unlike blood, the CSF does not flow rapidly through a network of dedicated vessels, but rather through peri-vascular channels and brain parenchyma in a slower time-domain, and thus conventional fMRI or other blood-flow sensitive MRI sequences do not provide much useful information about the desired flow patterns. We have accordingly analyzed a series of MRI images, taken at different times, of the brain of a live rat, which was injected with a paramagnetic tracer into the CSF via the lumbar intrathecal space of the spine. Our goal is twofold: (a) find glymphatic (tracer) flow directions in the live rodent brain; and (b) provide a model of a (healthy) brain that will allow the prediction of tracer concentrations given initial conditions. We model the liquid flow through the brain by the diffusion equation. We then use the Optimal Mass Transfer (OMT) approach [3] to model the glymphatic flow vector field, and estimate the diffusion tensors by analyzing the (changes in the) flow. Simulations show that the resulting model successfully reproduces the dominant features of the experimental data.

Human body: new organs

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
N. Kolotilov
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Shock Absorber ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Brain

The use of medical imaging technologies, bioimaging, digitized archives of scientific and medical literature, the special mentality of researchers, going beyond the skills of professional education have led to the discovery of new organs of the human body. The aim of the review is to present in the first iteration the basic information about the new organs of the human body and the need for their identification for complete scientific and practical work. Anterolateral ligament of the knee is present in 97.56 % of people. It was first described in 1879, rediscovered in 2013. The juxta-oral organ was first described in 1885, and again in 2015-2020. Description of the lymphatic drainage system of the brain was published in 1787 and 1816, rediscovery and detailing already in the 21st century. It was proposed to identify the interstitium as a special organ that deposits and transports about 20 % of the interstitial fluid in the body. It is assumed that the interstitium can act as a shock absorber and keeps tissue from rupture. The vision of the mesentery as a whole continuous organ will make it possible to modify many operations, reduce their invasiveness, implement full-fledged rehabilitation after surgery, and improve the quality of life of patients.

scholarly journals An integrated model of brain structure and function

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick J Beaumont
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The fluid in the extracellular space around the neurons and glial cells is enclosed within the brain, kept separate from the circulation and the rest of the body-fluid. This brain interstitial fluid forms a distinct compartment; a sponge-like “inverse cell” that surrounds all the cells. During neuronal resting and action potentials, sodium and potassium ions shuttle into, and out of, this “Reciprocal Domain” within the brain. This localised flux of ions is the counterpart to all the neuronal electrochemical activity (having the same intensity and duration, at the same sites in the brain), so a complementary version of all that potential information is integrated into this space within the brain. This flux of cations in the Reciprocal Domain may indirectly influence neuronal activity in the brain, creating immensely complex feedback. This Reciprocal Domain is unified throughout the brain, and exists continuously throughout life. This model identifies which species have such Reciprocal Domains, and how many times similar systems evolved. This account of the Reciprocal Domain of the brain may have clinical implications; it could be vulnerable to disruption by chemical insult, traumatic injury or pathology. These are key characteristics of our core selves; this encourages the idea that this Reciprocal Domain makes a crucial contribution to the brain. This hypothesis is explored and developed here.

scholarly journals DRD2/ANKK1 Taq1A but not COMT single nucleotide polymorphisms contribute to the link between temporal impulsivity and obesity in men

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Morys ◽  
Jakob Simmank ◽  
Annette Horstmann
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Dopaminergic Transmission ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Interactions ◽  
The Brain

AbstractTemporal impulsivity, the tendency to choose a smaller, sooner over a larger, delayed reward, is associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in COMT and DRD2-related ANKK1 genes, whose products regulate dopaminergic transmission in the brain. Temporal impulsivity is also consistently associated with obesity, sometimes in a genderdependent fashion. Further, there seems to be no direct association between these SNPs and obesity. In this study, we investigated an interaction between BMI, COMT, and DRD2/ANKK1 SNPs, and temporal impulsivity. We tested three plausible models of associations between those variables: (1) genetic variability influencing BMI through temporal impulsivity and gender interactions, (2) genetic variability interacting with temporal impulsivity to influence BMI, (3) interaction of BMI and genetic variability influencing temporal impulsivity. We found evidence for the second model: in men, BMI was dependent on temporal impulsivity and the DRD2/ANKK1 SNP. It shows that increased temporal impulsivity combined with a disadvantageous DRD2/ANKK1 genotype might be a vulnerability factor for the development of obesity. Our study, even though cross-sectional, adds to the body of literature regarding the influence of the dopaminergic system on obesity measures. Our results point to a factor explaining discrepancies in results regarding associations of temporal impulsivity and BMI in women and men.

scholarly journals An integrated model of brain structure and function

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick J Beaumont
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The fluid in the extracellular space around the neurons and glial cells is enclosed within the brain, kept separate from the circulation and the rest of the body-fluid. This brain interstitial fluid forms a distinct compartment; a sponge-like “inverse cell” that surrounds all the cells. During neuronal resting and action potentials, sodium and potassium ions shuttle into, and out of, this “Reciprocal Domain” within the brain. This localised flux of ions is the counterpart to all the neuronal electrochemical activity (having the same intensity and duration, at the same sites in the brain), so a complementary version of all that potential information is integrated into this space within the brain. This flux of cations in the Reciprocal Domain may indirectly influence neuronal activity in the brain, creating immensely complex feedback. This Reciprocal Domain is unified throughout the brain, and exists continuously throughout life. This model identifies which species have such Reciprocal Domains, and how many times similar systems evolved. This account of the Reciprocal Domain of the brain may have clinical implications; it could be vulnerable to disruption by chemical insult, traumatic injury or pathology. These are key characteristics of our core selves; this encourages the idea that this Reciprocal Domain makes a crucial contribution to the brain. This hypothesis is explored and developed here.

scholarly journals KEBIASAAN SARAPAN DAN KONSENTRASI BELAJAR MAHASISWA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
I Gede Purnawinadi ◽  
Christa Vike Lotulung
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Learning ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Spearman Correlation Test ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Learning Analysis ◽  
The Brain

Breakfast is useful to meet the energy needs of the body, especially the brain requires nutrition in improving the ability to concentrate in learning. This study aims to analyze the relationship between breakfast habits and the concentration of learning in students at Klabat University. This type of research is an analytic survey through a cross sectional approach which was conducted on 177 general English 1 class students who were selected using a purposive sampling technique. The questionnaire was used to obtain data on breakfast habits and concentration of learning. Analysis of the relationship between variables using the Spearman Correlation test. The results showed that the dominant students rarely had breakfast (39%) and high learning concentration (56.5%). There was a very weak but significant relationship between breakfast habits with the level of student learning concentration (r = 0.162 and p = 0.031). Students awareness about the importance of breakfast needs to be increased through socialization in the classroom and outside the classroom. Keywords: breakfast habit, learning concentration, students Sarapan bermanfaat memenuhi kebutuhan energi tubuh terlebih otak memerlukan gizi dalam meningkatkan kemampuan konsentrasi dalam belajar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan kebiasaan sarapan dengan konsentrasi belajar pada mahasiswa di Universitas Klabat. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan survei analitik melalui pendekatan cross sectional yang dilakukan pada 177 mahasiswa kelas general english 1 yang dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Kuesioner digunakan untuk memperoleh data kebiasaan sarapan dan konsentrasi belajar. Analisis hubungan antar variabel menggunakan uji Korelasi Spearman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dominan mahasiswa jarang sarapan (39%) dan konsentrasi belajar tinggi (56,5%). Terdapat hubungan yang sangat lemah namun bermakna antara kebiasaan sarapan dengan tingkat konsentrasi belajar mahasiswa (r = 0,162 dan p = 0,031). Kesadaran mahasiswa tentang pentingnya sarapan perlu ditingkatkan melalui sosialisasi di kelas maupun di luar kelas. Kata kunci: kebiasaan sarapan, konsentrasi belajar, mahasiswa

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