scholarly journals Region Detection and Segmentation of Brain Hemorrhage using Algorithmic Approach of Image Processing

2022 ◽  
Vol 2161 (1) ◽  
pp. 012070
Author(s):  
Krithika M Pai
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Brain Hemorrhage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Region Detection ◽  
Computer Tomography Scan ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Brain is one of the most important part of the body. Brain Hemorrhage is a severe head injury that deteriorates the performance and function of an individual. Brain Hemorrhage can be detected through CT (Computer Tomography) scan of the brain. CT scan uses narrow X-ray beam which rotates around the part of the body and provides a set of images from different angles and the computer creates a cross-sectional view. It is challenging to detect and segment the region of the brain having Hemorrhage. Hence an automated system would be handy at those times. In the proposed work an attempt has been made to segment and identify the hemorrhaged region of the brain in the CT scan slices of the image. Brain hemorrhage segmentation helps to identify the region of brain hemorrhage which in turn helps to treat the patients at an early stage. The region of brain hemorrhage is appropriately identified from the proposed algorithm.

Morphometry in schizophrenia revisited: height and its relationship to pre-morbid function

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. NOPOULOS ◽  
M. FLAUM ◽  
S. ARNDT ◽  
N. ANDREASEN
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Lower Quartile ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Background. Morphometry, the measurement of forms, is an ancient practice. In particular, schizophrenic somatology was popular early in this century, but has been essentially absent from the literature for over 30 years. More recently, evidence has grown to support the notion that aberrant neurodevelopment may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Is the body, like the brain, affected by abnormal development in these patients?Methods. To evaluate global deficit in development and its relationship to pre-morbid function, height was compared in a large group (N=226) of male schizophrenics and a group of healthy male controls (N=142) equivalent in parental socio-economic status. Patients in the lower quartile of height were compared to those in the upper quartile of height.Results. The patient group had a mean height of 177·1 cm, which was significantly shorter than the mean height of the control group of 179·4 (P<0·003). Those in the lower quartile had significantly poorer pre-morbid function as measured by: (1) psychosocial adjustment using the pre-morbid adjustment scales for childhood and adolescence/young adulthood, and (2) cognitive function using measures of school performance such as grades and need for special education. In addition, these measures of pre-morbid function correlated significantly with height when analysed using the entire sample.Conclusions. These findings provide further support to the idea that abnormal development may play a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Furthermore, this is manifested as a global deficit in growth and function resulting in smaller stature, poorer social skills, and deficits in cognitive abilities.

scholarly journals Microglia-Based Sex-Biased Neuropathology in Early-Stage Alzheimer’s Disease Model Mice and the Potential Pharmacologic Efficacy of Dioscin

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3261
Author(s):  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Qian Zhou ◽  
Jia-He Zhang ◽  
Xiaoying Wang ◽  
Xiumei Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Synaptic Dysfunction ◽  
Synaptic Loss ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, microglia-associated neuroinflammation, and synaptic loss. The detailed neuropathologic characteristics in early-stage AD, however, are largely unclear. We evaluated the pathologic brain alterations in young adult App knock-in model AppNL-G-F mice at 3 and 6 months of age, which corresponds to early-stage AD. At 3 months of age, microglia expression in the cortex and hippocampus was significantly decreased. By the age of 6 months, the number and function of the microglia increased, accompanied by progressive amyloid-β deposition, synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and dysregulation of β-catenin and NF-κB signaling pathways. The neuropathologic changes were more severe in female mice than in male mice. Oral administration of dioscin, a natural product, ameliorated the neuropathologic alterations in young AppNL-G-F mice. Our findings revealed microglia-based sex-differential neuropathologic changes in a mouse model of early-stage AD and therapeutic efficacy of dioscin on the brain lesions. Dioscin may represent a potential treatment for AD.

scholarly journals Phenylalanine and Tryptophan Intake of Hyperactive Children with Autism

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Puspito Arum ◽  
Dahlia Indah Amareta ◽  
Faridlotul Zannah
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Normal Behavior ◽  
Hyperactive Children ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
The Brain

Background: Hyperactive is behavior which demonstrates the attitude of more energy than normal behavior. Level of neurotransmitter dopamine and serotonin in the body may be the factor of this disorder behavior.  Level of phenylalanine and serotonin were found high in hyperactive children with autism. Level phenylalanine in the brain shows that it is not changed into tyrosine so dopamine can not be form. Serotonin derived from an amino acid tryptophan.Objective: To understand the association between phenylalanine and tryptophan intake to hyperactivity of  children with autism.Methods: A survey analytic research with cross sectional approach involving 20 subjects. Phenylalanine and tryptophan intake data was collected by Semi Quantitative-Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ), and hyperactivity disorder of children with autism was measured based on DSM-IV guidelines. Results: Eight (40%) children had low hyperactivity, 9 (45%) children had moderate hyperactivity, 2 (10%) children had severe hyperactivity, and 1 (5%) child had very severe hyperactivity. Mean phenylalanine intake was 4899.74mg (±1543.42) with maximum and minimum intake respectively 7735.42mg and 1843.88mg. Tryptophan intake was 1153.91mg (±384.99) with maximum and minimum intake respectively 1953.89mg and 367.69mg. There was significant association between phenylalanine intake (p=0,034; r=0,477) and tryptophan intake and hyperactivity (p=0,026; r=0,492).Conclusion: There is an association between intakes of amino acid phenylalanine and amino acid tryptophan with hyperactivity of autistic children

scholarly journals Hubungan Kadar Interleukin 6 Serum dan Klasifikasi CT Marshal pada Penderita Cedera Otak Berat Akibat Trauma

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Mervin Manginte ◽  
Eko Prasetyo ◽  
Maximillian Ch. Oley
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Coefficient Corrélation ◽  
Severe Tbi ◽  
Diffuse Injury ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Abstract: Increase of interleukin 6 (IL-6) level occurs in the brain after traumatic brain injury (TBI), however, studies about IL-6 as a prodictor based on CT-scan is still limited. This study was aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum IL-6 level and CT Marshall classification in patients with severe TBI. This was an observational study with a cross sectional design. There were 20 patients with severe TBI admitted at the Emergency Surgery Installation of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado in this study. CT-scan was performed on them to determine the CT Marshall classification and to categorize the hemorrhage location (extra-axial, intra-axial, both), hemisphere (midline/diffuse, dextral, sinistral), and area (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, multiple). Venous blood sample used for IL-6 examination was drawn less than 24 hours after trauma. The results showed that mean IL-6 level was 22.0060 pg/mL (SD 4.64494 pg/mL). Patients were distributed relatively uniform in 4 detected categories (diffuse injury II, III, V, and VI) of CT Marshall classification. Final regression model consisted of IL-6, age, and temporal injury as predictors. The Spearman coefficient correlation showed rs = -0.005 (P=0.491). Conclusion: There was no significant relationship between serum Il-6 level and CT Marshall classification, albeit, both of them increased consistantly following the severity of TBI and could be potential predictors to determine the prognosis of severe TBI patients.Keywords: IL-6, CT Marshall, severe TBIAbstrak: Pada cedera otak berat akibat trauma (COBT) terjadi peningkatan ekspresi IL-6 di otak namun penelitian mengenai kemampuannya untuk memrediksi hasil berdasarkan klasifikasi CT scan masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi hubungan antara kadar IL-6 serum dan klasifikasi CT Marshall pada pasien dengan COBT. Jenis penelitian ialah observasional dengan desain potong lintang. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 20 pasien yang dirawat dengan COBT di IRDB RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. CT-scan segera digunakan untuk menentukan klasifikasi CT Marshall dan untuk mengategorikan lokasi (ekstra-aksial, intra-aksial, keduanya), belahan (garis tengah/difus, dekstra, sisnitra), dan area otak yang terlibat dalam cedera. Sampel darah vena untuk IL-6 diambil kurang dari 24 jam setelah trauma. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan rerata kadar IL-6 22,0060 pg/mL (SD 4,64494 pg/mL). Pasien didistribusikan relatif seragam dalam empat kategori yang terdeteksi (difus cedera II, III, V, dan VI) dari klasifikasi CT Marshall. Model regresi akhir terdiri dari IL-6, usia, dan cedera pada area temporal sebagai prediktor. Korelasi antara kadar IL-6 serum dan klasifikasi CT Marshall dianalisis dengan koefisien korelasi Spearman dan mendapatkan rs = -0,005 (P=0,491). Simpulan: Walaupun secara statistik tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kadar Il-6 serum dan CT Marshall namun keduanya secara konsisten meningkat mengikuti COBT dan dapat menjadi prediktor potensial untuk menentukan prognosis pada pasien dengan COBT.Kata kunci: IL-6, CT Marshall, COBT

Genealogy of the Cerebral Subject

Being Brains ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Vidal ◽  
Francisco Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Cerebral Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cerebral Self ◽  
The Brain

The first chapter proposes to trace the distant roots of the cerebral subject to the late seventeenth century, and particularly to debates about the seat of the soul, the corpuscularian theory of matter, and John Locke’s philosophy of personal identity. In the wake of Locke, eighteenth century authors began to assert that the brain is the only part of the body we need to be ourselves. In the nineteenth century, this form of deterministic essentialism contributed to motivate research into brain structure and function, and in turn confirmed the brain-personhood nexus. Since then, from phrenology to functional neuroimaging, neuroscientific knowledge and representations have constituted a powerful support for prescriptive outlooks on the individual and society. “Neuroascesis,” as we call the business that sells programs of cerebral self-discipline, is a case in point, which this chapter also examines. It appeals to the brain and neuroscience as bases for its self-help recipes to enhance memory and reasoning, fight depression, anxiety and compulsions, improve sexual performance, achieve happiness, and even establish a direct contact with God. Yet underneath the neuro surface lie beliefs and even concrete instructions that can be traced to nineteenth-century hygiene manuals.

Amyloidosis

2013 ◽  
pp. 1397-1409
Author(s):  
Philip N. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Protein Misfolding ◽  
Solid Organ Transplantation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Amyloid Deposits ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
And Function ◽  
Protein Misfolding And Aggregation ◽  
The Brain

Amyloidosis is a disorder of protein folding in which normally soluble proteins are deposited in the interstitial space as insoluble and remarkably stable fibrils that progressively disrupt tissue structure and function of organs throughout the body. Protein misfolding and aggregation have increasingly been recognized in the pathogenesis of various other diseases, but amyloidosis—the disease directly caused by extracellular amyloid deposition—is a precise term with critical implications for patients with a specific group of life-threatening disorders. Amyloidosis may be acquired or hereditary and the pattern of organ involvement varies within and between types, though clinical phenotypes overlap greatly. Virtually any tissue other than the brain may be directly involved. Although histology remains the diagnostic gold standard, developments in scintigraphy and MRI technology often produce pathognomonic findings. Systemic amyloidosis is usually fatal, but the prognosis has improved as the result of increasingly effective treatments for many of the conditions that underlie it, notably the use of biologic anti-inflammatory agents in patients with AA amyloidosis and new immunomodulatory agents in patients with AL type. Better supportive care, including dialysis and solid organ transplantation, have also influenced the prognosis favourably. A range of specific novel therapies are currently in clinical development, including RNA inhibitors that suppress production of amyloid precursor proteins, drugs that promote their normal soluble conformation in the plasma, and immunotherapy approaches that directly target the amyloid deposits.

scholarly journals Regulatory Roles of Bone in Neurodegenerative Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengran Yu ◽  
Zemin Ling ◽  
Lin Lu ◽  
Jin Zhao ◽  
Xiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Lymphoid Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases are two kinds of common disorders of the elderly, which often co-occur. Previous studies have shown the skeletal and central nervous systems are closely related to pathophysiology. As the main structural scaffold of the body, the bone is also a reservoir for stem cells, a primary lymphoid organ, and an important endocrine organ. It can interact with the brain through various bone-derived cells, mostly the mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The bone marrow is also a place for generating immune cells, which could greatly influence brain functions. Finally, the proteins secreted by bones (osteokines) also play important roles in the growth and function of the brain. This article reviews the latest research studying the impact of bone-derived cells, bone-controlled immune system, and bone-secreted proteins on the brain, and evaluates how these factors are implicated in the progress of neurodegenerative diseases and their potential use in the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.

scholarly journals Transformation of vestibular signals for the decisions of hand choice during whole body motion

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (6) ◽  
pp. 2392-2400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romy S. Bakker ◽  
Luc P. J. Selen ◽  
W. Pieter Medendorp
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Hand Preference ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Motion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Inertial Acceleration ◽  
Reach Planning ◽  
The Brain

In daily life, we frequently reach toward objects while our body is in motion. We have recently shown that body accelerations influence the decision of which hand to use for the reach, possibly by modulating the body-centered computations of the expected reach costs. However, head orientation relative to the body was not manipulated, and hence it remains unclear whether vestibular signals contribute in their head-based sensory frame or in a transformed body-centered reference frame to these cost calculations. To test this, subjects performed a preferential reaching task to targets at various directions while they were sinusoidally translated along the lateral body axis, with their head either aligned with the body (straight ahead) or rotated 18° to the left. As a measure of hand preference, we determined the target direction that resulted in equiprobable right/left-hand choices. Results show that head orientation affects this balanced target angle when the body is stationary but does not further modulate hand preference when the body is in motion. Furthermore, reaction and movement times were larger for reaches to the balanced target angle, resembling a competitive selection process, and were modulated by head orientation when the body was stationary. During body translation, reaction and movement times depended on the phase of the motion, but this phase-dependent modulation had no interaction with head orientation. We conclude that the brain transforms vestibular signals to body-centered coordinates at the early stage of reach planning, when the decision of hand choice is computed. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The brain takes inertial acceleration into account in computing the anticipated biomechanical costs that guide hand selection during whole body motion. Whereas these costs are defined in a body-centered, muscle-based reference frame, the otoliths detect the inertial acceleration in head-centered coordinates. By systematically manipulating head position relative to the body, we show that the brain transforms otolith signals into body-centered coordinates at an early stage of reach planning, i.e., before the decision of hand choice is computed.

Traumatically Induced Brain Stem Hemorrhage and the Computerized Tomographic Scan

Neurosurgery ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Cooper ◽  
Kenneth Maravilla ◽  
Joel Kirkpatrick ◽  
Sarah F. Moody ◽  
Frederick H. Sklar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Thin Section ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Volume Effect ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Ct Scanner ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The computerized tomographic (CT) scan has revolutionized the management of cerebral trauma. Nevertheless, visualization of traumatically induced lesions of the brain stem by the CT scanner remains difficult. Seven patients with autopsy or CT evidence of brain stem hemorrhage were identified over a 1-year period. In six of these patients, brain stem hemorrhage could be defined by CT scan. As part of a prospective study of CT changes after head injury, we performed serial CT scans on six of the seven patients. Clinical experience shows that timing is important for identification of these lesions and that inability to visualize brain stem hematomas may occur because of the development of hematomas after CT scanning, evolution of hemorrhagic lesions that makes them isodense with the surrounding brain stem, patient movement, and technical factors such as the partial volume effect. Experimental injection of fresh blood into the pons and midbrain of cadavers shows that lesions as small as 0.1 ml in volume may be visualized by ex vivo thin section CT scanning techniques. However, the character and anatomical configuration of the hemorrhage may be as important in determining CT visualization as is the volume of the hemorrhage. For example, a hematoma displacing the brain parenchyma was visualized, but a similar-sized small hemorrhage that had diffused through the brain stem tissues was not. Although many of the experimentally placed lesions extended over a rostral-caudal length of 15 mm or more in the brain stem, no lesion was seen on more than three thin section scans. This is explained by the presence of lesions that, although extensive in a rostral-caudal direction, had relatively small cross sectional areas available for identification by the CT scanner. The small size of traumatic lesions of the brain stem and their proximity to bony structures at the base of the skull are not insurmountable obstacles to visualization of brain stem hemorrhages. Serial scanning and the application of thin section computed tomography will lead to identification of most of these lesions.

scholarly journals Can exercise make our children smarter?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenad Stojiljković ◽  
Petar Mitić ◽  
Goran Sporiš
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Purpose. The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of exercise on the brain structure and function in children, and to analyze methodological approach applied in the researches of this topic. Methods. This literature review provides an overview of important findings in this fast growing research domain. Results from cross-sectional, longitudinal, and interventional studies of the influence of exercise on the brain structure and function of healthy children are reviewed and discussed. Results. The majority of researches are done as cross sectional studies based on the exploring correlation between the level of physical activity and characteristics of brain structure and function. Results of the studies indicate that exercise has positive correlation with improved cognition and beneficial changes to brain function in children. Physically active children have greater white matter integrity in several white matter tracts (corpus callosum, corona radiata, and superior longitudinal fasciculus), have greater volume of gray matter in the hippocampus and basal ganglia than their physically inactive counterparts. The longitudinal/interventional studies also showed that exercise (mainly aerobic) improve cognitive performance of children and causes changes observed on functional magnetic resonance imaging scans (fMRI) located in prefrontal and parietal regions. Conclusion. Previous researches undoubtable proved that exercise can make positive changes of the brain structures in children, specifically the volume of the hippocampus which is the center of learning and memory. Finally the researchers agree that the most influential type of exercise on changes of brain structure and functions are the aerobic exercises. 

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