The Effect of Context

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Kukulska-Hulme
Keyword(s):  
Word Meaning ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Visual Context ◽  
Social Conventions ◽  
Know How ◽  
Sense Of Reality ◽  
Concentric Circles ◽  
Personal Context ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Context Of Situation

• In what way does formatting a table resemble passing a ball? • Is “Press X” a definition of X? • Does it matter whether we know how to talk about maps? • Does learning always affect one’s language? • When should users hide something that does not exist? . . . “Context” is a word that is used freely and has many meanings. This chapter describes some of the different immediate contexts that apply to language. It shows the links between social conventions and meanings and how meaning is inferred. Visual and conceptual metaphors are investigated here, with emphasis on how we talk about metaphors. Context is then further explored in relation to professional preoccupations, situations, and tasks. This leads up to an important final section on verbal context, in which we look at how words form bonds with other words that surround them. . . . What Is Meant by “Context”? . . . The idea of context and its effect on meaning was briefly introduced in chapter 2, where the point was made that, out of context, a word may have a range of possible meanings, but that within a specific setting, one “actualized” meaning emerges. Put another way, context can help to resolve the ambiguity of word meaning. But it does not always resolve ambiguity. This is partly because there are typically a number of contexts to consider simultaneously. One perspective on this, which has been mentioned earlier, is to see context (in the sense of “reality”) as a set of concentric circles, with personal context at the center, surrounded by social, cultural, and intercultural contexts. Our main concern in this chapter is what might be referred to as the immediate context, which can be said to fall into three categories: situational, verbal, and visual. Visual context is treated again in chapter 7. Sometimes, if aspects of the immediate context are ill-defined or missing, ambiguity can persist. Halliday (1978) has written about the “context of situation” in these terms: . . . Language comes to life only when functioning in some environment. . . .

Toward the Full Inclusion of Muslim Women in the Ummah

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 68-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Specific Problem ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Full Inclusion ◽  
Definition Of

This paper outlines some of the challenges that prevent Muslim women from becoming full members of the Ummah. Although we often hear of the rights of"women in ]slam'' in the abstract,1 we must know the specifics to improve the lives of Muslim women in reality. This paper tries to provide those specifics. It does not analyze the items, since the issues covered are many and disparate; rather, it simply highlights some concerns so that qual­ified practitioners can discuss and debate remedies. The bulk of this paper's main concern is to address some of the obstacles that hamper efforts to alleviate these challenges. The first section presents the list of challenges, while the second sec­tion discusses these obstacles. The paper concludes with a series of proposals intended to assuage the listed problems. Therefore, its focus is on more broad-based remedies rather than a specific remedy for a specific problem. The paper's underlying assump­tions are that women should be fully included in the Ummah and that this is not the case now. To make this clear, a definition of "full inclusion in the Ummah" is given before the paper proceeds to listing the challenges ...

What is a convention?

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 442-455
Author(s):  
Dana Riesenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Philosophical Study ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Conventions ◽  
Critical Response ◽  
Social Actions ◽  
Definition Of

Ever since David Lewis’s publication of Convention: A Philosophical Study (1969) his definition of a convention has been widely accepted and marginally challenged. Andrei Marmor’s book Social Conventions: From Language to Law (2009) is both a continuation and a critical response to Lewis’s work. “Convention”, alongside “rule” and “norm”, is one of the most important and fundamental philosophical concepts. We tend to think of our behavior as human beings, of our linguistic and social actions, as largely conditioned by conventions. Marmor examines the role and significance of conventions in language, in the moral sphere, and in the legal system. His definition of convention renders language less conventional than we had thought it is and morality more so. In this review article I present Marmor’s concept of convention and follow the book’s main arguments. I then point to what I think is amiss in his account of convention, namely, the idea that some norms are conventional, which yields a conflation of norms and conventions.

23. Trade Secrets

2019 ◽  
pp. 513-522
Author(s):  
Justine Pila ◽  
Paul L.C. Torremans
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
Trade Secret ◽  
Trade Secrets ◽  
Member States ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Know How ◽  
Business Information ◽  
Minimal Form ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Trade Secret Protection

This chapter deals with the legal protection of trade secrets. Traditionally, trade secret protection was left to the national laws of Member States. These national regimes are rooted firmly in existing legal rules in the areas of unfair competition, tort, or breach of confidence. And there is also the “Directive on the protection of undisclosed know-how and business information (trade secrets) against their unlawful acquisition, use, and disclosure”. The Directive seeks to impose on Member States a minimal form of harmonization and uniformity. It does not impose a (Community) right in relation to a trade secret, but it works with a common basic definition of a trade secret, the principle that there needs to be redress for the unlawful acquisition, use, or disclosure of a trade secret, and a catalogue of measures and remedies.

scholarly journals Religion, civil society and conflict: What is it that religion does for and to society?

2011 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaco Beyers
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Sociology Of Religion ◽  
Multiple Realities ◽  
Moral Discernment ◽  
Sense Of Reality ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Human consciousness instinctively tries to make sense of reality. Different human interpretations of reality lead to a world consisting of multiple realities. Conflict occurs when differing realities (worldviews) encounter one another. Worldviews are socially created and determine human behaviour and, as such, most often find expression in religion. The discussion of conflict and the role of religion in civil society take place within the discourse of the sociology of religion. Religion is socially determined. Peter Berger’s insight into the sociology of religion therefore plays an important role in establishing the relationship between religion and civil society as one that takes on different forms. Thus, a clear definition of both civil society and religion was needed to understand the nature of these relationships. The role of religion in civil society with regard to the presence of conflict in society was further investigated in this article. The conditions under which conflict in society occurs were discussed, as were the conditions for tolerance in society, for religion ultimately becomes the provider of moral discernment when conflict occurs in civil society.

The Place of G. F. Stout’s “Thought and Language” (1891) in the History of English Semantics

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 335-347
Author(s):  
Brigitte Nerlich
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Sentence Meaning ◽  
Meaning Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

Summary This article is intended to fill a gap in the history of semantics and the history of the psychology of language in England at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century. The work of the psychologist and philosopher George Frederick Stout (1860–1944) is analysed, focusing on an article on ‘thought and language’, published in 1891. In this article Stout proposes a new theory and typology of signs – his contribution to semiotics. He also puts forward a new definition of language as a system of signs and an instrument of communication. Finally, he develops a new conception of word meaning, sentence meaning and meaning in discourse, based on the notion of ‘apperception’. He compares his concept of meaning and meaning change with that of Hermann Paul and uses it to criticize the latters definitions of usual and occasional meaning.

Fever of Unknown Origin

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Antar
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Fever Of Unknown Origin ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Definitive Diagnosis ◽  
Know How ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Immunocompetent Patients

This chapter on fever of unknown origin (FUO) begins by clarifying the definition of FUO and continues by listing and describing the major etiologies of FUO, providing guidance on clinical workup and discussing best management practices. Discussion of FUO etiologies emphasizes that most fall under a few categories—rheumatological, infectious, neoplastic, and other. Emergency management of stable, immunocompetent patients with FUO is best when focused on an appropriate diagnostic workup so that a definitive diagnosis can be established and treated with targeted therapy. Antibiotics should not be started in the emergency department for stable, immunocompetent patients with FUO unless the specific etiology is uncovered. This chapter is concise and targeted to the emergency medicine provider who needs to know how best to evaluate and manage the patient with a clinical history consistent with FUO.

The Mental Breakdown of a Roman Senator: M. Calpurnius Bibulus

1990 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. G. Gray-Fow
Keyword(s):  
Personal History ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Know How ◽  
Classical World ◽  
The Way

Some time early in 50 B.C. the two elder sons of M. Calpurnius Bibulus the Roman governor of Syria were killed in Egypt by milites Gabiniani, Roman soldiers left there by A. Gabinius – an earlier governor of Syria. What Bibulus' sons were doingin Egypt is a mystery, partly because we do not know how old they were; all we know about them is that they were outstandingly gifted or outstandingly beautiful, or both. The soldiers had been left in Egypt (basically as mercenaries) by Gabinius in 54 B.C. when hehad been bribed by Ptolemy XII Auletes to restore him to the throne from which he had been driven by his exasperated subjects. Why these particular troops took it into their heads to murder Bibulus' sons is another mystery, which we will touch upon, but our main concern here is the effect which the death of his sons had on Bibulus. Our contention is simply that the incident is part of a rarely documented example from the classical world of a clear mental breakdown in one prominent individual. In Bibulus' case it took the form of paralysing shock, followed by grief, depression, and a frenzy of sleepless activity in which he eventually wore himself to death. To understand how this operated in the way it did in this particular case, we need to understand Bibulus the man and his personal history.

Assessment of Different Natural Ventilation Strategies for an Educational Building on the Warm-Humid Climate of Guayaquil, Ecuador

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. David Beltrán ◽  
Juan Kastillo ◽  
Isabel Miño-Rodríguez ◽  
Carlos Naranjo-Mendoza ◽  
Carlos Ávila
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
The Real ◽  
Ventilation Strategies ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Real State

Natural ventilation has been studied as an effective strategy in order to reduce energy consumption without compromising occupant’s hygrothermal comfort in warm-humid climates. However, the main concern about the current state of art in the use of Building Energy Simulation (BES) as an approach to natural ventilation is the definition of input data which usually do not represent the real state of the buildings in the studied region. Within this context, the main contribution of this research is to propose a methodology through which the real state of buildings can be evaluated. By this analysis, valid input parameters was found to exploit the capabilities of BES and CFD simulations to fulfill the main objective of this study, which is to assess the impact of natural ventilation strategies in the energy consumption of HVAC systems and occupants hygrothermal comfort. Four natural ventilation strategies were evaluated: single sided ventilation, cross ventilation, solar chimney and double façade. The results show that the exclusive use of natural ventilation is ineffective to ensure hygrothermal comfort in a building with high thermal loads in a warm-humid climate like Guayaquil. However, by using a hybrid system (natural ventilation/dehumidification and cooling) cooling energy consumption can be reduced in up to 10.6% without compromising occupant’s hygrothermal comfort. Due to the promising results regarding energy savings, further research will aim to evaluate the impact of other passive strategies in energy consumption.

scholarly journals Warum wir uns mit N.F.S Grundtvigs idealismus-kritischen Abhandlungen beschäftigen

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-216
Author(s):  
Horst Nägele
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Difference ◽  
German Idealism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Disastrous Consequence ◽  
Social Conventions ◽  
Sense Of Reality ◽  
Temporal Reality ◽  
Life On Earth

Warum wir uns mit N.F.S. Grundtvigsidealismus-kritischen Abhandlungen beschäftigenBy Horst NägeleHorst Nägele begins his article with the statement that circumstantial evidence suggests that the democratic credibility of the Federal Republic of Germany may be questioned. Nägele argues for this view by comparing social conventions in Scandinavia and Germany.He adduces historical material to support his theory of a cultural difference on this point. The criticism levelled by the poet Jens Baggesen at the High German language for its remoteness from reality, is dealt with first. Then follows a discussion of the similar criticism by Grundtvig of the idealistic German philosophy, which, according to Grundtvig, is linked up with the Imperialist inclinations of Germany. Hence Germany’s propensity to .litism which finds expression in the New High German literary language as well as in philosophy. In Grundtvig’s view, the connection between the litist, and therefore Imperialist, unitary culture of Germany and the idealistic philosophy manifests itself in the detachment from reality that is characteristic of Schelling’s philosophy. When Schelling talks about the I that embodies itself, it becomes the image of nothing perceiving itself, in contrast to an I attached to a body. Grundtvig also finds evidence of this German tendency towards a missing sense of reality in Schiller’s poetical works. On a close examination of Grundtvig’s writings, it will appear that Friedrich Schiller’s (quasi-idealistic) tragedies are as a whole seen to convey the notion of heroes being (lifeless) shadows, easily killed. For Schiller’s higher, moral human nature, determined by liberty, cannot conquer death; in Grundtvig’s view, only the spirit of history can do that. Grundtvig’s view of life contrasts, for instance, with Schiller’s drama Wallenstein, where the protagonist chooses of his own free will to submit to death and evil.After discussing Grundtvig’s interpretation of Schiller’s dramas, Nägele returns to Schelling’s philosophy as an example of a tendency in German idealism. As Grundtvig understood it, life depends on truth. Grundtvig attaches importance to immediate actuality (‘fundamental and ultimate reality’) as it is the prerequisite for the conception that the ideal is the cause of .all temporal reality.. Grundtvig’s attitude contrasts sharply with what he calls the delusive view of the German idealistic philosophers who despise the body and annihilate life in order to idolize an egocentric construct, with the disastrous consequence that life doesn’t count. Thus Schelling mixes good with evil, truth with falsehood, since the absolute ideal, reason perceiving itself, is given the highest priority, i.e. preceding reality. According to Grundtvig, what is ideal, what is possible, always depends on reality, on what is real. In Grundtvig’s view, truth can only be perceived by man in his life on earth in contradistinction to falsehood; therefore it is impossible to identify the divine perception of the eternal truth and the human recognition of truth.This is the main line of thought in Grundtvig’s criticism of Schelling’s philosophy. It is Nägele’s argument that this criticism is highly topical since it is reflected in the debate over morals today, in the endeavours to create dignified social conventions, and in the complex issue of the future character of the European community as either a union or a loose cooperative structure.

scholarly journals Need of Computational Intelligence for Post Graduate Students as an Academic Learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Ayesha Saleem ◽  
Usman Saleem ◽  
Somia Ali ◽  
Misbah Amin
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Real World ◽  
Computational Intelligence ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Academic Learning ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Master's Degrees ◽  
Proper Definition ◽  
Definition Of

The proper definition of intelligence is not widely known and describable within some selected words till now. There is a great controversy on its definition because generally people have not enough knowledge about it. Computational Intelligence is a subset of Artificial Intelligence and based on particular six approaches. These are Fuzzy Logics, Probabilistic Mechanisms, Natural Swarm Intelligence, Neural Networks and Evolutionary Computing. Traditional artificial intelligence use to develop intelligent systems that require proper and comprehensive information about some task to perform. But numerous real-world systems cannot provide exact and complete information about real-world phenomena. On the other hand, the main concern of Computational intelligence is to design intelligent systems that can be able to make decisions on uncertain or ambiguous information and now this becomes basic future system’s need. Both subjects AI and CI have their own importance, but we can analyze that as future needs more intelligent systems, so it required more work, research, understandings and knowledge for computational intelligence. We conduct a survey and meet results that even students of master’s degrees not even know about the term “computational intelligence”. Therefore, this paper proposed that computational intelligence should be an integral subject of courses as enhancement of artificial intelligence related to at least engineering and computer related fields. It will provide knowledge to students and rise their interest for computational intelligence and encourage them to do work to build more intelligent systems that will be able to deal real word problems in future

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