Energy Efficiency and Conservation

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hewitt Crane ◽  
Edwin Kinderman ◽  
Ripudaman Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Mode Of Transportation ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
Energy Efficiency And Conservation ◽  
Different Sources

Previous chapters in this book focus on the production of energy from different sources and how we might increase the supply to meet the anticipated growth in demand. In this chapter we focus on options to manage the energy demand. There are many ways—other than complete avoidance of the use of goods or services that demand energy—by which we can “save” energy; actually, we are not saving but reducing the growth in the demand of energy. It is often convenient to think of savings arising from two categories: energy efficiency and energy conservation. Energy efficiency reduces the energy necessary to perform a desired task, and energy conservation includes all actions that avoid unnecessary use of energy. To use the automobile as an example, development of techniques that reduce the fuel needed to go from one place to another is an example of improved energy efficiency. Substituting the automobile with a more efficient mode of transportation or the avoidance of the activity entirely would be examples of energy conservation. Thoughtful use of both conservation and efficiency will be necessary if we are to achieve substantial reductions in our future energy use as individuals, nations, or the world as a whole. As discussed in chapter 4, the global energy use projected for 2050 under three scenarios with three differing growth rates ranges from a high of 9.4 CMO/yr to a low of 3.9 CMO/yr. Our recent energy use of approximately 3 CMO/yr (since 2000) is on a growth curve that follows the trajectory of the high-consumption scenario. Improvements in energy efficiency have of course been made steadily over the past century and will likely continue in the future. Much of that improvement has already been taken into account in arriving at the projections for future growth. The 2.6% annual growth in energy consumption has taken place notwithstanding steady improvements in efficiency. To bring the projected 2050 consumption down from more than 9 CMO, we will need savings that would not happen without a rededicated effort.

scholarly journals Energy Use Efficiency Past-to-Future Evaluation: An International Comparison

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Nan Wang ◽  
Thi-Duong Nguyen ◽  
Min-Chun Yu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Status ◽  
Energy Efficiency Evaluation

Despite the many benefits that energy consumption brings to the economy, consuming energy also leads nations to expend more resources on environmental pollution. Therefore, energy efficiency has been proposed as a solution to improve national economic competitiveness and sustainability. However, the growth in energy demand is accelerating while policy efforts to boost energy efficiency are slowing. To solve this problem, the efficiency gains in countries where energy consumption efficiency is of the greatest concern such as China, India, the United States, and Europe, especially, emerging economies, is central. Additionally, governments must take greater policy actions. Therefore, this paper studied 25 countries from Asia, the Americas, and Europe to develop a method combining the grey method (GM) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) slack-based measure model (SMB) to measure and forecast the energy efficiency, so that detailed energy efficiency evaluation can be made from the past to the future; moreover, this method can be extended to more countries around the world. The results of this study reveal that European countries have a higher energy efficiency than countries in Americas (except the United States) and Asian countries. Our findings also show that an excess of total energy consumption is the main reason causing the energy inefficiency in most countries. This study contributes to policymaking and strategy makers by sharing the understanding of the status of energy efficiency and providing insights for the future.

Measuring electric energy efficiency in Portuguese households

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Weyman-Jones ◽  
Júlia Mendonça Boucinha ◽  
Catarina Feteira Inácio
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type

Purpose – There is a great interest from the European Union in measuring the efficiency of energy use in households, and this is an area where EDP has done research in both data collection and methodology. This paper reports on a survey of electric energy use in Portuguese households, and reviews and extends the analysis of how efficiently households use electrical energy. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate household electrical energy efficiency in different regions using econometric analysis of the survey data. In addition, the same methodology was applied to a time-series data set, to evaluate recent developments in energy efficiency. Design/methodology/approach – The paper describes the application to Portuguese households of a new approach to evaluate energy efficiency, developed by Filippini and Hunt (2011, 2012) in which an econometric energy demand model was estimated to control for exogenous variables determining energy demand. The variation in energy efficiency over time and space could then be estimated by applying econometric efficiency analysis to determine the variation in energy efficiency. Findings – The results obtained allowed the identification of priority regions and consumer bands to reduce inefficiency in electricity consumption. The time-series data set shows that the expected electricity savings from the efficiency measures recently introduced by official authorities were fully realized. Research limitations/implications – This approach gives some guidance on how to introduce electricity saving measures in a more cost effective way. Originality/value – This paper outlines a new procedure for developing useful tools for modelling energy efficiency.

Changing Efficiencies in Petroleum Energy Use in New Zealand

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 187-198
Author(s):  
A.J. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
History Of ◽  
Investment Capital ◽  
Improved Design ◽  
Energy Efficiency And Conservation

The paper introduces the work of the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority relating to gas and petroleum usages, with the dual imperatives to gain technical and economic efficiencies; and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Factors inhibiting greater efficiency include current investments, competition for new investment capital, price structures, and public attitudes. The current usage of petroleum products is presented with trends in sectors. Current gas use, from our history of development, wastes resources and produces high carbon dioxide emissions. Alternative trends can gradually be imposed to improve efficiency and lower environmental effects. Particular opportunities are in substituting direct use of natural gas and cogeneration for gas-fired electricity generation. There is a continuing upward trend in transport fuel use. Changing utilisation efficiencies in various modes of transport are reviewed and compared with overseas trends. While some progress has been made, considerable further improvement is possible by implementing regulatory, behavioural, and technical changes. The rising diesel and petrol usage relating to CNG and LPG is of concern. Overall, improvements in energy efficiency in New Zealand do not compare well with most OECD countries, but there are some positive trends in a number of sectors. The scope for improved efficiencies in New Zealand from newer technologies is reviewed with respect to domestic, commercial, industry and transport sectors. Means are outlined for taking opportunities with today's technologies through changing attitudes, standards, improved design of buildings, improved industrial processes, and financial packaging.

scholarly journals Promoting Energy Efficiency in the Built Environment through Adapted BIM Training and Education

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2308
Author(s):  
Ali Alhamami ◽  
Ioan Petri ◽  
Yacine Rezgui ◽  
Sylvain Kubicki
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Building Energy Efficiency ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Educational Programmes ◽  
Building Information

The development of new climate change policies has increased the motivation to reduce energy use in buildings, as reflected by a stringent regulatory landscape. The construction industry is expected to adopt new methods and strategies to address such requirements, focusing primarily on reducing energy demand, improving process efficiency and reducing carbon emissions. However, the realisation of these emerging requirements has been constrained by the highly fragmented nature of the industry, which is often portrayed as involving a culture of adversarial relationships and risk avoidance, which is exacerbated by a linear workflow. Recurring problems include low process efficiency, delays and construction waste. Building information modelling (BIM) provides a unique opportunity to enhance building energy efficiency (EE) and to open new pathways towards a more digitalised industry and society. BIM has the potential to reduce (a) waste and carbon emissions, (b) the endemic performance gap, (c) in-use energy and (d) the total lifecycle impact. BIM also targets to improve the whole supply chain related to the design, construction as well as the management and use of the facility. However, the construction workforce is required to upgrade their skills and competencies to satisfy new requirements for delivering BIM for EE. Currently, there is a real gap between the industry expectations for employees and current training and educational programmes. There is also a set of new requirements and expectations that the construction industry needs to identify and address in order to deliver more informed BIM for EE practices. This paper provides an in-depth analysis and gap identification pertaining to the skills and competencies involved in BIM training for EE. Consultations and interviews have been used as a method to collect requirements, and a portfolio of use cases have been created and analysed to better understand existing BIM practices and to determine current limitations and gaps in BIM training. The results show that BIM can contribute to the digitalisation of the construction industry in Europe with adapted BIM training and educational programmes to deliver more informed and adapted energy strategies.

Socio-Worldview Aspect of Energy Efficiency in the Context of the Postmaterialistic Paradigm of Science

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Yuliia Shabanova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Anthropic Principle ◽  
Physical Vacuum ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
The World ◽  
Conceptual Foundations

The article substantiates the conceptual foundations of the postmaterialistic paradigm of science, based on the achievements of quantum physics, synergetics, eniology and the theory of physical vacuum. The principles of the postmaterialistic paradigm (the ontological principle of holism, the principle of teleological hierarchy, the principle of materialistic-ideal complementarity, the anthropic principle of the predefinition of man and the world, the principle of the spiritual determiner of all theories of being) allowing to change radically the methods of energy use, applying the energy potential of the egregore for subtle, non-material matters of reality to upgrade the energy efficiency taking into account the axiological dominant, are explicated.

Energy Saving at Home

2014 ◽  
Vol 672-674 ◽  
pp. 550-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay Vatin ◽  
Olga Gamayunova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Advanced Training ◽  
Energy Efficiency And Conservation ◽  
At Home

Last years much attention is paid to energy efficiency and conservation in organizations. But energy saving at industrial scale starts with heat energy saving, electricity and water in each apartment and every home. The article describes the basic rules of saving heat, electricity and water at home. Also described the means of promoting energy saving and energy efficiency among the population. Special attention is paid to the training of the population and advanced training of specialists at field of energy conservation.

scholarly journals Improving Energy Efficiency on SDN Control-Plane Using Multi-Core Controllers

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3161
Author(s):  
Tadeu F. Oliveira ◽  
Samuel Xavier-de-Souza ◽  
Luiz F. Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Parallel Implementation ◽  
Multicore Processors ◽  
Control Plane ◽  
Processing Power ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
The Many

Software-defined networks have become more common in data centers. The programmability of these networks is a great feature that allows innovation to be deployed fast, following the increasing number of new applications. This growth comes with a cost of more processing power and energy consumption. Many researchers have tackled this issue using existing routing techniques to dynamically adjust the network forwarding plane to save energy. On the control-plane, researchers have found algorithms for positioning the controller in a way to reduce the number of used links, thus reducing energy. These strategies reduce energy consumption at the expense of processing power of the controllers. This paper proposes a novel approach to energy efficiency focused on the network’s control-plane, which is complementary to the many already existing data-plane solutions. It takes advantage of the parallel processing capabilities of modern off-the-shelf multicore processors to split the many tasks of the controller among the cores. By dividing the tasks among homogeneous cores, one can lower the frequency of operations, lowering the overall energy consumption while keeping the same quality of service level. We show that a multicore controller can use an off-the-shelf multicore processor to save energy while keeping the level of service. We performed experiments based on standard network measures, namely latency and throughput, and standard energy efficiency metrics for data centers such as the Communication Network Energy Efficiency (CNEE) metric. Higher energy efficiency is achieved by a parallel implementation of the controller and lowering each core’s frequency of operation. In our experiments, we achieved a drop of 28% on processor energy use for a constant throughput scenario when comparing with the single-core approach.

scholarly journals The Climate Change Dilemma: How Cooperation Beliefs Influence Energy Conservation Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5575
Author(s):  
Christiane Lübke
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Environmental Behavior ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Conservation Behavior ◽  
Individual Incentive ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
High Level

Despite widespread belief in anthropogenic climate change and high levels of concern about its consequences, behavioral changes necessary to adequately address climate change appear difficult to achieve. This concern–behavior gap is often explained by the public goods character of climate change mitigation, which is associated with a high individual incentive to take a free ride when possible. This paper examines cooperation beliefs and their impact on individuals’ energy conservation behavior. Analyzing data from the European Social Survey, it appears that cooperation beliefs are rather low in Europe and that most people do not expect others to limit their energy use to help mitigate climate change. This low trust contrasts with individuals’ reported level of energy conservation behavior and the general high level of energy conservation in most European countries. This trust gap has important implications for pro-environmental behavior as high trust in others’ pro-environmental behavior fosters individuals’ attempts to save energy.

scholarly journals Energy cost savings based on the UPS

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 4237
Author(s):  
Phu Tran Tin ◽  
Duy Hung Ha ◽  
Minh Tran ◽  
Quang Sy Vu
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Urgent Problem ◽  
Source Power ◽  
The World ◽  
Storage Units

Energy-saving, improving energy efficiency, and finding a new efficient way to use energy are considered as an urgent problem in over the world. In this paper, we consider the economics of energy use in combination with energy storage units where two forms of electricity exist in the power system. Then the problem of optimizing the installation capacity (to optimize the investment costs for energy storage) is presented and investigated in connection with the conversion systems. The topic opens a very significant result, including the introduction of a mathematical model to calculate the simulation in optimizing the installation capacity of the equipment in the system, multi-source power, as well as voltage and power stability benefits.

scholarly journals Revision of Smart Street Lighting LED

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (28) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Julián Rodríguez Patarroyo ◽  
Iván Felipe Cely Garzón ◽  
Cristhian Alexander Letrado Forero
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Lighting System ◽  
Street Lighting ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Context ◽  
Lighting Systems ◽  
And Performance

Introduction: This Literature Review article is the result of a research on the current situation of smart public lighting systems with light-emitting diode (LED) technology in cities around the world. Problem: How convenient is it to use smart public lighting system with LED luminaires? Objective: To review the context of smart public lighting with LED technology. Methodology: Within this project, a lit review was conducted with more than 50 academic articles found in different databases such as: IEEE Xplore, Scopus, ScienceDirect etc. The selection criteria of the information followed the revision of articles from 2006 to 2018, and also, took into account their installation and performance in different cities and places of the world. Furthermore, articles on polluting and inefficient technologies were excluded. Conclusion: Considering the current context in which LED smart public lighting is, it is more likely to be implemented in the future. Results: Smart LED street lighting systems are more efficient in energy use, leads to savings in costs in medium terms, and finally, present a lower environmental impact compared to conventional lighting systems. Limitations: The review focuses on energy efficiency and economic aspects, not on social aspects. Originality: Smart LED public lighting systems have been researched within the economic and energy efficiency context.

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