Cascades and Object Knowledge

2019 ◽  
pp. 144-171
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Oakes ◽  
David H. Rakison
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Object Representation ◽  
Mechanisms Of Change ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Object Knowledge ◽  
Single Level ◽  
Single Mechanism ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Multiple Skills

Chapter 7 applies the cascade framework to the development of object knowledge in infancy. Many theories on the development of object knowledge focus either on a single mechanism or on a single level of mechanism. This chapter presents an alternative view of infants’ developing object representation and knowledge by considering the effect of mechanisms of change at multiple levels and as involving multiple skills and abilities, cascades across development, and structural, environmental, and learned constraints. Multiple examples are presented that demonstrate how changes in motor skills affect object representations and, as such, show that there are multiple pathways to object knowledge.

scholarly journals The steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) reflects the activation of cortical object representations: evidence from semantic stimulus repetition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise L. Radtke ◽  
Ulla Martens ◽  
Thomas Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Object Representation ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Familiar Object ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Stimulus Repetition ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Repetition Suppression ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Visual Evoked

AbstractWe applied high-density EEG to examine steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) during a perceptual/semantic stimulus repetition design. SSVEPs are evoked oscillatory cortical responses at the same frequency as visual stimuli flickered at this frequency. In repetition designs, stimuli are presented twice with the repetition being task irrelevant. The cortical processing of the second stimulus is commonly characterized by decreased neuronal activity (repetition suppression). The behavioral consequences of stimulus repetition were examined in a companion reaction time pre-study using the same experimental design as the EEG study. During the first presentation of a stimulus, we confronted participants with drawings of familiar object images or object words, respectively. The second stimulus was either a repetition of the same object image (perceptual repetition; PR) or an image depicting the word presented during the first presentation (semantic repetition; SR)—all flickered at 15 Hz to elicit SSVEPs. The behavioral study revealed priming effects in both experimental conditions (PR and SR). In the EEG, PR was associated with repetition suppression of SSVEP amplitudes at left occipital and repetition enhancement at left temporal electrodes. In contrast, SR was associated with SSVEP suppression at left occipital and central electrodes originating in bilateral postcentral and occipital gyri, right middle frontal and right temporal gyrus. The conclusion of the presented study is twofold. First, SSVEP amplitudes do not only index perceptual aspects of incoming sensory information but also semantic aspects of cortical object representation. Second, our electrophysiological findings can be interpreted as neuronal underpinnings of perceptual and semantic priming.

Development of Game Theoretic Protocols for Multilevel Design

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayan Sinha ◽  
Farrokh Mistree ◽  
Janet K. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Geometric Modeling ◽  
Underwater Vehicle ◽  
Design Problems ◽  
Single Level ◽  
Engineering Teams ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Relationship

The effectiveness of the use of game theory in addressing multi-objective design problems has been illustrated. For the most part, researchers have focused on design problems at single level. In this paper, we illustrate the efficacy of using game theoretic protocols to model the relationship between multidisciplinary engineering teams and facilitate decision making at multiple levels. We will illustrate the protocols in the context of an underwater vehicle with three levels that span material and geometric modeling associated with microstructure mediated design of the material and vehicle.

scholarly journals Knowledge-driven perceptual organization reshapes information sampling via eye movements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek A. Pedziwiatr ◽  
Elisabeth von dem Hagen ◽  
Christoph Teufel
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Feature Space ◽  
Object Perception ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Object Knowledge ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Information Sampling ◽  
High Level

Humans constantly move their eyes to explore the environment and obtain information. Competing theories of gaze guidance consider the factors driving eye movements within a dichotomy between low-level visual features and high-level object representations. However, recent developments in object perception indicate a complex and intricate relationship between features and objects. Specifically, image-independent object-knowledge can generate objecthood by dynamically reconfiguring how feature space is carved up by the visual system. Here, we adopt this emerging perspective of object perception, moving away from the simplifying dichotomy between features and objects in explanations of gaze guidance. We recorded eye movements in response to stimuli that appear as meaningless patches on initial viewing but are experienced as coherent objects once relevant object-knowledge has been acquired. We demonstrate that gaze guidance differs substantially depending on whether observers experienced the same stimuli as meaningless patches or organised them into object representations. In particular, fixations on identical images became object-centred, less dispersed, and more consistent across observers once exposed to relevant prior object-knowledge. Observers' gaze behaviour also indicated a shift from exploratory information-sampling to a strategy of extracting information mainly from selected, object-related image areas. These effects were evident from the first fixations on the image. Importantly, however, eye-movements were not fully determined by object representations but were best explained by a simple model that integrates image-computable features and high-level, knowledge-dependent object representations. Overall, the results show how information sampling via eye-movements in humans is guided by a dynamic interaction between image-computable features and knowledge-driven perceptual organisation.

Object Activation in Semantic Memory from Visual Multimodal Feature Input

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Kraut ◽  
Sarah Kremen ◽  
Lauren R. Moo ◽  
Jessica B. Segal ◽  
Vincent Calhoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Object Representation ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Caudate Nuclei ◽  
Picture Stimuli ◽  
Left Thalamus ◽  
The Right ◽  
Semantic Object ◽  
Study Participants

The human brain's representation of objects has been proposed to exist as a network of coactivated neural regions present in multiple cognitive systems. However, it is not known if there is a region specific to the process of activating an integrated object representation in semantic memory from multimodal feature stimuli (e.g., picture–word). A previous study using word–word feature pairs as stimulus input showed that the left thalamus is integrally involved in object activation (Kraut, Kremen, Segal, et al., this issue). In the present study, participants were presented picture–word pairs that are features of objects, with the task being to decide if together they “activated” an object not explicitly presented (e.g., picture of a candle and the word “icing” activate the internal representation of a “cake”). For picture–word pairs that combine to elicit an object, signal change was detected in the ventral temporo-occipital regions, pre-SMA, left primary somatomotor cortex, both caudate nuclei, and the dorsal thalami bilaterally. These findings suggest that the left thalamus is engaged for either picture or word stimuli, but the right thalamus appears to be involved when picture stimuli are also presented with words in semantic object activation tasks. The somatomotor signal changes are likely secondary to activation of the semantic object representations from multimodal visual stimuli.

scholarly journals Come Together, Right Now: Dynamic Overwriting of an Object's History through Common Fate

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1819-1828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Luria ◽  
Edward K. Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Object Representation ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Common Fate ◽  
Gestalt Grouping ◽  
Initial Representation ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Gestalt Grouping Principles ◽  
On Line ◽  
Initial Object

The objects around us constantly move and interact, and the perceptual system needs to monitor on-line these interactions and to update the object's status accordingly. Gestalt grouping principles, such as proximity and common fate, play a fundamental role in how we perceive and group these objects. Here, we investigated situations in which the initial object representation as a separate item was updated by a subsequent Gestalt grouping cue (i.e., proximity or common fate). We used a version of the color change detection paradigm, in which the objects started to move separately, then met and stayed stationary, or moved separately, met, and then continued to move together. We monitored the object representations on-line using the contralateral delay activity (CDA; an ERP component indicative of the number of maintained objects), during their movement, and after the objects disappeared and became working memory representations. The results demonstrated that the objects' representations (as indicated by the CDA amplitude) persisted as being separate, even after a Gestalt proximity cue (when the objects “met” and remained stationary on the same position). Only a strong common fate Gestalt cue (when the objects not just met but also moved together) was able to override the objects' initial separate status, creating an integrated representation. These results challenge the view that Gestalt principles cause reflexive grouping. Instead, the object initial representation plays an important role that can override even powerful grouping cues.

From Geons to Structure. A Note on Object Representation

Perception ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 505-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Leeuwenberg ◽  
Peter Van der Helm ◽  
Rob Van Lier
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Object Representation ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Object Classification ◽  
Object Perception ◽  
Complex Object ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Perceptual Process

Two models of object perception are compared: recognition by components (RBC), proposed by Biederman, and structural information theory (SIT), initially proposed by Leeuwenberg. According to RBC a complex object is decomposed into predefined elementary objects, called geons. According to SIT, the decomposition is guided by regularities in the object. It is assumed that the simplest of all possible interpretations of any object is perceptually preferred. The comparison deals with two aspects of the models. One is the representation of simple objects—various definitions of object axes are considered. It is shown that the more these definitions account for object regularity and thus the more they agree with SIT, the better the object representations predict object classification. Another topic concerns assumptions underlying the models: the identification of geons is mediated by cues which are supposed to be invariant under varying viewpoints of objects. It is argued that such cues are not based on this invariance but on the regularity of actual objects. The latter conclusion is in line with SIT. An advantage of RBC, however, is that it deals with the perceptual process from stimulus to interpretation, whereas SIT merely concerns the outcome of the process, not the process itself.

scholarly journals Nonverbal category knowledge limits the amount of information encoded in object representations: EEG evidence from 12-month-old infants

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Pomiechowska ◽  
Teodora Gliga
Keyword(s):  
Object Representation ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Change Detection Task ◽  
Categorical Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Category Knowledge ◽  
Preverbal Infants ◽  
Individual Information

To what extent does language shape how we think about the world? Studies suggest that linguistic symbols expressing conceptual categories (‘apple’, ‘squirrel’) make us focus on categorical information (e.g. that you saw a squirrel) and disregard individual information (e.g. whether that squirrel had a long or short tail). Across two experiments with preverbal infants, we demonstrated that it is not language but nonverbal category knowledge that determines what information is packed into object representations. Twelve-month-olds ( N = 48) participated in an electroencephalography (EEG) change-detection task involving objects undergoing a brief occlusion. When viewing objects from unfamiliar categories, infants detected both across- and within-category changes, as evidenced by their negative central wave (Nc) event-related potential. Conversely, when viewing objects from familiar categories, they did not respond to within-category changes, which indicates that nonverbal category knowledge interfered with the representation of individual surface features necessary to detect such changes. Furthermore, distinct patterns of γ and α oscillations between familiar and unfamiliar categories were evident before and during occlusion, suggesting that categorization had an influence on the format of recruited object representations. Thus, we show that nonverbal category knowledge has rapid and enduring effects on object representation and discuss their functional significance for generic knowledge acquisition in the absence of language.

Developmental Cascades

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Oakes ◽  
David H. Rakison
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Ripple Effect ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Infant Cognition ◽  
Whole Child ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Over Time ◽  
First Words

Children take their first steps, produce their first words, and become able to solve many new problems seemingly overnight. Yet, each change reflects many other previous developments that occurred in the whole child across a range of domains, and each change, in turn, will provide opportunities for future development. This book proposes that all change can be explained in terms of developmental cascades such that events that occur at one point in development set the stage, or cause a ripple effect, for the emergence or development of different abilities, functions, or behaviors at another point in time. The authors argue that these developmental cascades are influenced by different kinds of constraints that do not have a single foundation: They may originate from the structure of the child’s nervous system and body, the physical or social environment, or knowledge and experience. These constraints occur at multiple levels of processing and change over time, and both contribute to developmental cascades and are the product of them. The book presents an overview of this developmental cascade perspective as a general framework for understanding change throughout the lifespan, although it is applied primarily to cognitive development in infancy. The book also addresses how a cascade approach obviates the dichotomy between domain-general and domain-specific mechanisms. The framework is applied in detail to three domains within infant cognitive development—namely, looking behavior, object representations, and concepts for animacy—as well as two domains unrelated to infant cognition (gender and attachment).

scholarly journals Neural signatures for sustaining object representations attributed to others in preverbal human infants

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1819) ◽  
pp. 20151683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora Kampis ◽  
Eugenio Parise ◽  
Gergely Csibra ◽  
Ágnes Melinda Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Object Representation ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Gamma Band ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
The World ◽  
Neural Signature ◽  
Gamma Band Activity ◽  
Electroencephalographic Activity

A major feat of social beings is to encode what their conspecifics see, know or believe. While various non-human animals show precursors of these abilities, humans perform uniquely sophisticated inferences about other people's mental states. However, it is still unclear how these possibly human-specific capacities develop and whether preverbal infants, similarly to adults, form representations of other agents' mental states, specifically metarepresentations. We explored the neurocognitive bases of eight-month-olds' ability to encode the world from another person's perspective, using gamma-band electroencephalographic activity over the temporal lobes, an established neural signature for sustained object representation after occlusion. We observed such gamma-band activity when an object was occluded from the infants' perspective, as well as when it was occluded only from the other person (study 1), and also when subsequently the object disappeared, but the person falsely believed the object to be present (study 2). These findings suggest that the cognitive systems involved in representing the world from infants' own perspective are also recruited for encoding others' beliefs. Such results point to an early-developing, powerful apparatus suitable to deal with multiple concurrent representations, and suggest that infants can have a metarepresentational understanding of other minds even before the onset of language.

Functional deficits in the self and depression in widows

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Gentile ◽  
Dante Cicchetti ◽  
Ruth A. O'Brien ◽  
Fred A. Rogosch
Keyword(s):  
Object Representation ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Functional Impairments ◽  
Functional Deficits ◽  
Psychiatric Status ◽  
Clinically Depressed ◽  
Observable State

AbstractThis study addressed the role of deficits in the organization of the self, or narcissistic pathology, among widows who evidenced depressive outcomes following the loss of their husbands. The significance of object representations and self-regulatory capacities (introjects) within the self-representation in predicting psychiatric status in a sample of 77 widows 1 year after spousal loss was examined. In addition, the link between functional deficits within the self and observable state markers of such deficits as they related to depression was investigated. A combination of projective and self-report measures were used to assess self and object representation. The General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg & Hillier, 1979) and the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed.) (Spitzer & Williams, 1985) were employed as measures of psychiatric disorder. Analyses revealed that functional aspects of self representations, or introjects, differentiated clinically depressed widows from those experiencing “normal” mourning. However, object representations were relatively weak predictors of depression following bereavement and evidenced little association with self representation. Observable markers of self-pathology were strongly related to functional impairments in the self but did not operate causally to predict depressive outcome. Theoretical and clinical implications of the linkage between functional deficits in the self and depression are discussed.

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