Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 168-172
Author(s):  
Marina Paola Banchetti-Robino
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Philosophy Of Chemistry ◽  
Chemical Philosophy ◽  
The Way

The conclusion recapitulates the thesis that has been defended in the book, reiterating the relevance of Boyle’s chemical philosophy for current debates in the philosophy of chemistry. The concluding remarks proceed to articulate the way in which Boyle’s emergentist conception of chemical qualities anticipates many of the positions currently taken by philosophers of chemistry, particularly with regard to the emergence and supervenience of chemical properties, epistemic and explanatory reductionism, and the autonomy of chemical explanations and of chemistry as a scientific discipline.

Dialektika Maqasid as-Syari’ah Dalam Metode Istinbath Hukum Islam

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Muh. Muhyiddin ◽  
Ibnu Chudzaifah ◽  
Afroh Nailil Hikmah
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
The People ◽  
Important Correlation ◽  
The Way

Maqashid as-shari'ah is a new trend in the legal istinbath that is undergoing development in the contemporary era. The development of the method of extracting the source of contemporary Islamic law is now considered more promising as using maqashid as-sharia. As a scientific discipline that is the development of fiqh and fiqh rules, maqashid as-shari'ah is now widely studied by experts in Islamic law more deeply. Benefit as the essence of maqashid as-shari'ah, has urgency in determining Islamic law. Because Islamic law is revealed has the purpose and purpose to realize the benefit of the people both in this world and in the Hereafter. Thus the study of maqashid as-shari'ah has a very important correlation in extracting the source of Islamic law, in other words that the excavation of Islamic law based on benefit still refers to the books of qawaid al-fiqhi and ushul al-fiqh. As for the way used by the scholars' in exploring the benefits there are three methods: bayani method (substantive analysis), qiyasi method (analogy analysis), and istishlahi method (benefit analysis)

Über Erdalkalimetall-Oxocuprate. VI.

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chr. L. Teske ◽  
Hk. Müller-Buschbaum
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Structure Determination ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Crystal Structure Determination ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
X Ray ◽  
And Chemical Properties ◽  
The Way

The preparation and chemical properties of barium-oxocuprat (I) inclusive the results of the crystal structure determination by single crystal X-ray investigations are described. BaCu2O2 crystallizes isotypically with SrCu2O2 . (a = 5.72 and c = 10.06 Å. Spacegroup : D194h - 141/amd.) The influence of the bigger Ba2⨁-ion on the oxigenconfiguration surrounding the cations is discussed. It seems that the stretched O - Cu - O-dumbell is an invariable structural element in the oxocompounds of copper (I), which is shown by comparison of already known oxocuprates (I) . Only the way of interchainment varies evidently with stoichiometry.

The Chemical Philosophy of Robert Boyle

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Paola Banchetti-Robino
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Philosophical Argument ◽  
Robert Boyle ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
Scientific Autonomy ◽  
Present Book ◽  
Mechanistic Theory ◽  
Direct Explanation ◽  
Chemical Philosophy ◽  
Chemical Ontology

This book examines the way in which Robert Boyle seeks to accommodate his complex chemical philosophy within the framework of a mechanistic theory of matter. More specifically, the book proposes that Boyle regards chemical qualities as properties that emerge from the mechanistic structure of chymical atoms. Within Boyle’s chemical ontology, chymical atoms are structured concretions of particles that Boyle regards as chemically elementary entities, that is, as chemical wholes that resist experimental analysis. Although this interpretation of Boyle’s chemical philosophy has already been suggested by other Boyle scholars, the present book provides a sustained philosophical argument to demonstrate that, for Boyle, chemical properties are dispositional, relational, emergent, and supervenient properties. This argument is strengthened by a detailed mereological analysis of Boylean chymical atoms that establishes the kind of theory of wholes and parts that is most consistent with his emergentist conception of chemical properties. The emergentist position that is being attributed to Boyle supports his view that chemical reactions resist direct explanation in terms of the mechanistic properties of fundamental particles, as well as his position regarding the scientific autonomy of chemistry from mechanics and physics.

The Ontological Complexity of Boyle’s Corpuscularian Theory

2020 ◽  
pp. 79-108
Author(s):  
Marina Paola Banchetti-Robino
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Stability ◽  
Natural Kinds ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Substantial Form ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
Essential Form ◽  
Chemical Philosophy ◽  
Taxonomical Classification

This chapter gives a detailed account of Boyle’s chemical philosophy, placing special emphasis on his replacement of substantial form with the mechanistic notion of essential form as the source of chemical stability. For Boyle, essential form results from the structural arrangement of fundamental particles into aggregate corpuscles that account for a substance’s distinctive chemical properties. The chapter sets the background for Boyle’s theory of matter by first discussing his attack on the Scholastic notion of substantial form and on the Paracelsian principles of the tria prima. After this, the chapter focuses on Boyle’s distinctive mechanistic corpuscularianism, by highlighting the hierarchical aspects of this theory of composition and microstructure. The chapter then contrasts the views of Boyle and Locke regarding natural kinds and taxonomical classification and discusses the reduction to the pristine state, a key experiment used by Boyle to lend empirical support to the theory of microstructural essential form.

Nature and paragenesis of asbestos minerals

1977 ◽  
Vol 286 (1336) ◽  
pp. 611-624 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Layered Structure ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Living Tissue ◽  
Sheet Silicate ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties ◽  
The Way

The asbestos minerals fall into two groups of differing genetic, physical and chemical properties, their only common feature being their fibrous nature. Chrysotile is a sheet silicate, having a layered structure in the form of a scroll or ture, while the amphibole fibres are chain silicates with a lath-like structure. The biological effects of asbestos depend firstly on its ability to form very small fibres capable of aerial suspension, inhalation and subsequent deposition in the minutest airways of the lung; secondly on the texture of these fibres and their ability to penetrate living tissue; and thirdly on their chemistry, not only considering their resistance to decomposition, but the way in which they may react with or adsorb other compounds. This paper compares the physical and chemical properties of asbestos fibres insofar as these may influence biological activity and attempts to underline those contrasting features which may relate to the degrees of activity of the major types of asbestos.

Biometrics: A Very Short Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Fairhurst
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phones ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Identity Cards ◽  
The Voice ◽  
The Way

Biometrics is the scientific discipline of identifying individuals by means of the measurement of unique personal attributes, such as facial appearance, fingerprints, iris patterning, the voice, the way we write, and the way we walk. The new technologies of biometrics have a wide range of practical applications, from securing mobile phones and laptops to establishing identity in bank transactions, travel documents, and national identity cards. Biometrics: A Very Short Introduction considers the capabilities of biometrics-based identity checking and looks at the basic techniques in use today, developments in system design, and emerging technologies. It also explores the benefits and limitations of biometrics technologies, and how they can effectively support our increasingly interconnected society.

Synthesis meets theory: Past, present and future of rational chemistry

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Fianchini
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Theoretical Chemistry ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
General Description ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Computational Resources ◽  
Theory And Experiment

Abstract Chemical synthesis has its roots in the empirical approach of alchemy. Nonetheless, the birth of the scientific method, the technical and technological advances (exploiting revolutionary discoveries in physics) and the improved management and sharing of growing databases greatly contributed to the evolution of chemistry from an esoteric ground into a mature scientific discipline during these last 400 years. Furthermore, thanks to the evolution of computational resources, platforms and media in the last 40 years, theoretical chemistry has added to the puzzle the final missing tile in the process of “rationalizing” chemistry. The use of mathematical models of chemical properties, behaviors and reactivities is nowadays ubiquitous in literature. Theoretical chemistry has been successful in the difficult task of complementing and explaining synthetic results and providing rigorous insights when these are otherwise unattainable by experiment. The first part of this review walks the reader through a concise historical overview on the evolution of the “model” in chemistry. Salient milestones have been highlighted and briefly discussed. The second part focuses more on the general description of recent state-of-the-art computational techniques currently used worldwide by chemists to produce synergistic models between theory and experiment. Each section is complemented by key-examples taken from the literature that illustrate the application of the technique discussed therein.

The Death of falsafa as a Self-Description of Philosophy

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-107
Author(s):  
Frank Griffel
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Ibn Sina ◽  
The Way

Al-Ghazali’s Precipitance of the Philosophers (Tahafut al-falasifa), published in 488/1095, changed the way the label falsafa was understood in Arabic scientific literature. Falsafa is a calque from the Greek word philosophía, and before al-Ghazali it was widely understood in a sense similar to the Greek word, namely as a reference to the scientific discipline and discourse that began with the works of Plato and Aristotle and continued in Arabic with al-Kindi or al-Farabi. Based on an earlier use of the term in kalam literature, however, al-Ghazali understood falsafa as a reference to a particular set of teachings put forward by one particular group of philosophers, namely the followers of Avicenna (Ibn Sina, d. 428/1037). Scholars of the sixth/twelfth century largely adopted this meaning of falsafa, so that in subsequent Arabic and Persian scientific literature the word was mostly used as a reference to Avicenna’s teaching and to Avicennism and not as a reference to the discipline and discourse of philosophy as such.

scholarly journals Methodological principles as elements of scientific research work

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-53
Author(s):  
Dejan Logarušić
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
General Character ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Scientific Research Project ◽  
Scientific Research Work ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
The Way

The author considers methodology as a scientific discipline of a general character, which studies and analyzes phenomena from a scientific point of view by applying the principles of objectivity, reliability, systematic approach and precision. The methodology of scientific work, gradually tested, helps one reach basic and relevant knowledge starting from basic ideas, by applying methods and research procedures, defining science and scientific research work, proving hypotheses, and all the way to the implementation and indicators in the application of an established scientific research project. Starting from basic ideas, using methods, through research procedures, defining science and scientific research work, proving hypotheses, all the way to the implementation and indicators in the use of an established scientific research project, the methodology has found its application in theory and science.

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