Religious Knowledge and the Virtues of the Mind

2020 ◽  
pp. 207-227
Author(s):  
Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski
Keyword(s):  
Religious Knowledge ◽  
Reformed Epistemology ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Contemporary Epistemology

This chapter objects to three features of Reformed Epistemology, two of which are connected with its Calvinist inspiration and one of which was a feature of most contemporary epistemology at the time. First, like almost all contemporary American epistemology, Reformed Epistemology focuses on individual beliefs—where by a “belief” is meant a particular state of believing, not the proposition believed—and it searches for the properties of a belief that convert it into knowledge. Second, Reformed Epistemology is largely externalist. Third, an important motivation driving externalist theories is the desire to avoid skepticism; in fact, this is one of its most attractive features. Reformed epistemology is externalist and nonvoluntarist; it is individualistic rather than communally based; and it makes the element of belief that converts it into knowledge a property of the belief rather than of the believer. The approach here is Aristotelian in spirit and differs from the Reformers in all three respects.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Wolterstorff
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Mental Activity ◽  
Philosophy Of Art ◽  
Liturgical Theology ◽  
Ritual Studies ◽  
Subsequent Discussion ◽  
Art Philosophy ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Mind

This chapter considers why contemporary analytic philosophers of religion have neglected liturgy and focused almost all of their attention on religious belief. Following Descartes, reflections on mental activity and the mind have been central in modern philosophy. But that has not prevented the emergence of philosophy of art, philosophy of language, and political philosophy, none of which deal with mental activity or the mind. So why not philosophy of liturgy? Several explanations are considered; but none is found to be fully satisfactory. The Introduction concludes with an explanation of how the subsequent discussion relates to liturgical theology and to anthropological ritual studies.

Materialism in the philosophy of mind

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Main Difficulty ◽  
Ordinary Sense ◽  
Causal Dependence ◽  
Physical Relation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Mind

Materialism – which, for almost all purposes, is the same as physicalism – is the theory that everything that exists is material. Natural science shows that most things are intelligible in material terms, but mind presents problems in at least two ways. The first is consciousness, as found in the ‘raw feel’ of subjective experience. The second is the intentionality of thought, which is the property of being about something beyond itself; ‘aboutness’ seems not to be a physical relation in the ordinary sense. There have been three ways of approaching these problems. The hardest is eliminativism, according to which there are no ‘raw feels’, no intentionality and, in general, no mental states: the mind and all its furniture are part of an outdated science that we now see to be false. Next is reductionism, which seeks to give an account of our experience and of intentionality in terms which are acceptable to a physical science: this means, in practice, analysing the mind in terms of its role in producing behaviour. Finally, the materialist may accept the reality and irreducibility of mind, but claim that it depends on matter in such an intimate way – more intimate than mere causal dependence – that materialism is not threatened by the irreducibility of mind. The first two approaches can be called ‘hard materialism’, the third ‘soft materialism’. The problem for eliminativism is that we find it difficult to credit that any belief that we think and feel is a theoretical speculation. Reductionism’s main difficulty is that there seems to be more to consciousness than its contribution to behaviour: a robotic machine could behave as we do without thinking or feeling. The soft materialist has to explain supervenience in a way that makes the mind not epiphenomenal without falling into the problems of interactionism.

scholarly journals ‘I can’t pray’ – The spiritual needs of Malaysian Muslim patients suffering from depression

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Nabil MR ◽  
Saini SM ◽  
Nasrin N ◽  
Bahari R ◽  
Sharip S
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Spiritual Needs ◽  
Religious Knowledge ◽  
Psychological Treatments ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Depth Interviews

Introduction: The mainstay of treatment of depression relies on pharmacological and psychological treatments. On top of that, evidence also recognizes the vital role of spirituality for human wellness which leads to growing interest in its utilization to treat depression. However, research on spirituality among Muslims in relation to depression is relatively scarce. The aim of this study is to explore the understanding of spirituality among Muslim patients with depression, and to explore their spiritual needs. Methods: This is a qualitative study conducted on 10 depressed Muslim patients at the UKM Medical Centre. Purposive sampling was done to ensure diversity of subjects. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted using semistructured questionnaire guidelines. The data were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a thematic approach. Result: Out of 10 patients, almost all of them expressed spiritual needs. Two major themes emerged in relation to the spiritual needs which are (i) religious needs; need for worship, religious knowledge and guidance, religious reminders, and (ii) existential needs; need for calmness, sensitivity and empathy, self-discipline, certainty, hope , physical help, ventilate and meaning of illness. These needs are essential for patients during the time of crisis. Conclusion: The majority of patients expressed spiritual needs which are required during the process of recovery and this provides an opportunity to incorporate spiritual approaches in the treatment of depression. However, more studies are needed to demonstrate its scientific basis and to design an effective psycho-spiritual treatment modality so that the ‘holistic’ or ‘biopsychosocial-spiritual’ treatment can be integrated by health care professionals to those in need.

scholarly journals A Comparison Between The Concept Of Meditation In Buddhism And Mur┐Qabah In Islam

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Souaad Muhammad Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Physical Discipline ◽  
Spiritual Journey ◽  
Spiritual Experiences ◽  
World Religions ◽  
Basic Part ◽  
Practice Meditation ◽  
Vital Component ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Mind

Mysticism and the spiritual experiences that lie in mysticism in different world religions have always fascinated me, and a source of attraction to me. With regards to Islam and Buddhism, I believe that devotion to religious morals and duties is the key to reach contentment in life. Meditation is a vital component of almost all the religions whether revealed or non-revealed. It is a mental and a physical discipline by which the meditator strives to reach beyond the material world into the realm of the spiritual and divine world. Different religions adopt different forms of meditational techniques that emphasize on different goals. It can be union with the absolute as in Hinduism. Or it can be getting close to Allah as in Islam or to reach a highest bliss that lies beyond the mortal world that is Nirvana[i] in Buddhism, etc. It is also practiced outside the religious tradition for simply soothing and calming the mind. Many people practice meditation as a way to improve one’s mental, spiritual and also physical health. Whatever goals are sought through meditation, it is quite evident that meditation is related to spirituality and spirituality is a basic part of religion. In this article I have discussed some of the major concepts in the spiritual journey of meditation in both the disciplines and compared between them.

scholarly journals Kepemimpinan Kiai

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-41
Author(s):  
Syafiqurrahman Syafiqurrahman ◽  
Mohammad Hosnan
Keyword(s):  
Transformative Leadership ◽  
Economic Capital ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
Economic Sector ◽  
Collective Leadership ◽  
Religious Knowledge ◽  
Traditional Leaders ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Village

Besides being a Qur’an teacher, the leader of village (Kiai) become community leaders; almost all aspects of people's lives were deferred to the kiai, ranging from religious, educational, social, political, and so on, including the village kiai becoming the traditional leaders of the Kompolan. village kiai use the characteristics of charismatic-collective leadership and transformative leadership. While the capital used is cultural, symbolic modality, which then gives birth to economic capital. Under his leadership, Kompolan was able to contribute to creating an atmosphere of togetherness and unity among individuals in society, developing and strengthening religious knowledge, contributing to empowerment in the economic sector of society, creating a space of actualization for the community.   Selain menjadi guru ngaji, kiai kampung juga menjadi pemimpin masyarakat; hampir dalam semua aspek kehidupan masyarakat ditangguhkan kepada kiai, mulai dari persoalan keagamaan, pendidikan, sosial, politik, dan seterusnya, termasuk kiai kampung menjadi pemimpin tradisi kompolan. kiai kampung menggunakan karakter kepemimpinan karismatik-kolektif dan kepemimpinan transformatif. Sedangkan modal yang digunakan adalah modalitas kultural, simbolik, yang kemudian melahirkan modal ekonomi. Di bawah kepemimpinannya, kompolan mampu memberikan kotribusi dalam menciptakan suasana kebersamaan dan kebersatuan antar individu di masyarakat, pengembangan dan pemantapan ilmu keagamaan, memberikan sumbangsih pemberdayaan di bidang ekonomi masyarakat, menciptakan ruang aktualisasi bagi masyarakat.   Kata Kunci (Keyword): Kepemimpinan, Kiai Kampung, Tradisi Kompolan.

scholarly journals 627 Trauma & Orthopaedic National Selection – What Is Really Going Through the Mind of Applicants?

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Junior Doctors ◽  
Core Knowledge ◽  
Selection Interview ◽  
National Selection ◽  
National Training ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Mind ◽  
First Time ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Aim Obtaining a training number in Trauma & Orthopaedics (T&O) remains highly competitive. This study aims to provide an insight into applicant’s perceptions and preparation for the T&O national selection interview. Method 162 junior doctors applying to T&O national selection in 2021 were sent questionnaires using SurveyMonkey in December 2020. Applicants were identified from those attending the annual OrthoRevision ‘ST3 Core Knowledge Interview Course’. In total, 74 junior doctors (45.7%) covering all 16 surgical training regions in the UK completed feedback. Results There were wide variations in how much applicants would spend on preparation for the interview (e.g., books, revision websites, courses): 45.9% spend £100 - £500; 21.6% spend £500-£1,000; and 6.8% spend >£1,000. Most start preparation 3 months prior to the interview (42.5%) with the preferred method being practice with colleagues (49.3%). Almost all candidates (80.2%) use the ‘OrthoInterview’ question bank. Free mock interview courses were only available to 27% with candidates strongly in favour (78%) of the study budget covering preparatory courses in addition to study leave being granted to attend these courses (86%). At the first attempt at obtaining a training number, 69.9% were selective about where they would accept a job; in subsequent years candidates would be more willing to accept a job in any deanery (40.3%). Conclusions For the first time, we present the perceptions of applicants to T&O national training in the UK. Many candidates dedicate a large amount of time and money to the process and are initially more selective about where they apply.

scholarly journals “Tollers Zelle” by Anna Korsun: at intersection of Musical Interpretations

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
Nataliya Hnativ
Keyword(s):  
Image System ◽  
Electric Guitar ◽  
Disorder Of Consciousness ◽  
Original Solution ◽  
Specific Composition ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Individual Style

Relevance of the study. Exploring the music of Anna Korsun, who at the moment is one of the most famous, titled and most promising young composers in Europe, the author of the article emphasizes that this allows to learn about the latest processes in European academic music. Considering A. Korsun’s Ukrainian origin, this kind of research is especially important for Ukrainian musicology. The small number of publications, the almost complete absence of scientific works about the composer’s creativity in general or about her specific composition determine the novelty of this article, devoted to a detailed analysis of the “Tollers Zelle” for electric guitar and soprano. This is one of the last vocal works of A. Korsun. The main objective of the study is to identify the musical interpretive potential of the vocal piece “Tollers Zelle”. The methodology in the article is based on methods of structural, linguistic and comparative analysis. Results. The vocal piece “Tollers Zelle” was written by A. Korsun as an assignment with the obligatory condition of using the text based on some specific poem. The composer placed the text of the selected poem by E. Toller at the end of the work immediately after music and chose the life and creativity of the poet in general as the basis of the image system of the piece. According to the mind of author of this article, the content palette of the work consists of images of stupor, pain, solitude, disorder of consciousness, that are realized through dissonant verticals, glissando technique, expressive character of performance, transformation of electric guitar sound into a voluminous, rattling, and cold one with elements of playfulness using a glass and a toy musical box, making a voice close to the sound of an electric guitar. Versions of almost all performers of “Tollers Zelle” differ in some more loose aspects (the pitch and rhythm lines are non-fixed precisely, tempo “ad libitum”) and are close in basic elements — manner of playing and singing, dynamics. Conclusions. The vocal piece “Tollers Zelle” can be analyzed in aspects of composer’s, musicological and performer’s interpretation. The composer’s interpretation demonstrates an original solution of the assignment condition, that indicates the non-standard thinking of A. Korsun within her aesthetic principles. Musicological interpretation by author of this article finds the main images and musical technical aspects of the piece “Tollers Zelle”, its inclusion in the A. Korsun’s individual style and also the closeness of almost all performer’s versions of the piece.

Illuminating the Mind

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Stoltz
Keyword(s):  
Previous Exposure ◽  
Western Tradition ◽  
Perceptual Knowledge ◽  
Buddhist Epistemology ◽  
Testimonial Knowledge ◽  
Buddhist Tradition ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Philosophical Writings ◽  
Contemporary Epistemology

This book provides readers with an introduction to epistemology within the Buddhist intellectual tradition. It is designed to be accessible to those whose primary background is in the “Western” tradition of philosophy and who have little or no previous exposure to Buddhist philosophical writings. The book examines many of the most important topics in the field of epistemology, topics that are central both to contemporary discussions of epistemology and to the classical Buddhist tradition of epistemology in India and Tibet. Among the topics discussed are Buddhist accounts of the nature of knowledge episodes, the defining conditions of perceptual knowledge and of inferential knowledge, the status of testimonial knowledge, and skeptical criticisms of the entire project of epistemology. The book seeks to put the field of Buddhist epistemology in conversation with contemporary debates in philosophy. It shows that many of the arguments and debates occurring within classical Buddhist epistemological treatises coincide with the arguments and disagreements found in contemporary epistemology. The book shows, for example, how Buddhist epistemologists developed an anti-luck epistemology—one that is linked to a sensitivity requirement for knowledge. Likewise, the book explores the question of how the study of Buddhist epistemology can be of relevance to contemporary debates about the value of contributions from experimental epistemology, and to broader debates concerning the use of philosophical intuitions about knowledge.

scholarly journals Aristotelian Dialectic, Medieval Jadal, and Medieval Scholastic Disputation

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Mohammad Syifa Amin Widigdo
Keyword(s):  
Religious Knowledge ◽  
The Mind

Although Greek dialectic has an influence on both Christian and Muslim scholarships in terms of structuring the argumentation, this article argues that each employs the dialectic to serve their own purposes. If the Greek dialectic aims to defeat an opponent by showing logical contradictions, Christian scholarship claims to use the dialectic to search for the truth, and Muslim literature employs it to arrive at a level of certainty in knowledge (either qaṭʿī or ghalabat al-ẓann). As a result, this article further argues, Greek dialectic  in both Christian and Muslim contexts undergoes some modifications. In the Christian context, dialectic serves a didactical purpose, which is to find the truth that resides in the mind of the teacher. In Islamic context, Greek dialectic is modified and employed to find  epistemological (qaṭʿī) or psychological (ghalabat al-ẓann) certainty in religious knowledge.

scholarly journals Intellectual Property Animasi Di Indonesia Dalam Buku Katalog Nganimasi Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
Bambang Gunawan Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Trade Secret ◽  
Industry Data ◽  
Music And Literature ◽  
Animation Industry ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Mind

IP or Intellectual Property refers to the creation of the mind; invention; literary and artistic works; symbols, names and drawings used in the trade. Intellectual property rights (HKI) are rights granted to IP creators, and include trademarks, copyrights, patents, industrial design rights, and in some trade secret jurisdictions. Works of art including music and literature, as well as discoveries, words, phrases, symbols and designs can all be protected as intellectual property or IP. Until now the catalog book "IP Animasi Indonesia" does not exist yet; while other countries such as Korea have released an annual catalog of animations since 2005. (The author data when he got 6 months internship scholarship at KOCCA - Korea Creative Content Agency in 2008, and a special invitation to Korea in November 2015). So through the process of collecting data with the method of collecting data periodically (time series) for more than 1.5 years, the author ventured to collect the work of colleagues from almost all of Indonesia. Once collected, the data is sorted, tidied up, rearranged, and then compiled in a book entitled NGANIMASI INDONESIA: Indonesia Animation Industry Data (NI). The results of this study revealed that until August 2017 there were 56 IPs categorized in animation character collected. 64% of the 56 IPs are character designs of humans or people; while the remaining 36% are animals, objects, and custom characters.

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