Liberalism and the Path to Treason in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1923

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-74
Author(s):  
Christine Philliou
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Political Pluralism ◽  
The Way

This chapter looks at the final decade of the Ottoman Empire to examine the way that liberalism went from being part of the sensibility and worldview of an elitist Ottoman establishment, to a term of opprobrium as the Committee of Union and Progress took up the reins of power in the Ottoman government and state. While in recent years the discussion of pluralism has focused on how one state, as a unitary actor, has treated confessional or ethnic minorities, I show here that the very question of political pluralism was the source of a fissure in the Ottoman establishment, and ultimately a cause of conflict as the empire was dissolved and the Kemalist Republic was established.

Language territorial regimes in multilingual ethnic territorial autonomies

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Borisova ◽  
Konstantin Sulimov
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Language Rights ◽  
South Tyrol ◽  
The Way

Ethnic territorial autonomy (ETA) is an institutional way to ensure simultaneously the integrity of the state and the rights of ethnic minorities through preferential policies in certain ethnically sensitive spheres. Language preferential policies differ greatly across multilingual ETAs and can be analyzed through the concept of “language territorial regime” (LTR). In this paper, we examine LTRs along two dimensions: (1) the scope of state regulation of language use and (2) the way language rights are perceived and used. The first considers the depth and universality of state regulation of language use – “strong” or “weak.” The second concerns whether the community's approach to language rights is symbolic or pragmatic. The combination of these two dimensions allows the categorization of LTRs into four main classes: “strong parting-regime,” “strong pooling-regime,” “weak pooling-regime,” and “weak parting-regime.” A comparison of South Tyrol, Vojvodina, and Wales allows conceptualizing LTR as a system of de jure institutional arrangements of linguistic issues and practice of self-organization and perpetuation of multilingual communities.

A COMMENT ON MEHMET BENGÜ ULUENGIN, “SECULARIZING ANATOLIA TICK BY TICK: CLOCK TOWERS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE TURKISH REPUBLIC” (IJMES 42 [2010]: 17–36)

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-540
Author(s):  
Avner Wishnitzer
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
Early Republican ◽  
Late Ottoman ◽  
The Way

In his recent article, “Secularizing Anatolia Tick by Tick: Clock Towers in the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic,” Mehmet Bengü Uluengin makes a significant contribution to our understanding of late Ottoman and early republican clock towers. Uluengin shows that Ottoman clock towers carried “complex and seemingly contradictory layering of meanings” (p. 31). These buildings were at times associated with Christianity and with European power but were also seen as modern extensions of the Islamic institution of the muvakkit (timekeeper) or as symbols of the Ottoman government and its modernizing project. The cultural meanings associated with clock towers were fluid, concludes Uluengin, and it was the context that determined the way clock towers were interpreted.

scholarly journals From printed to handwritten book: A copy of the printed Gorazde Prayer Book in the manuscript of the library of the Serbian patriarchate №32

2018 ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Stanoje Bojanin ◽  
Milanka Ubiparip
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Reversible Process ◽  
Prayer Book ◽  
The Way

This study deals with the manuscript book of the Library of the Serbian Patriarchate (Biblioteka Srpske patrijarsije = BSP) ?32 from the 1550s or early 1560s which is an exact handwritten copy of the printed Gorazde Prayer Book or Trebnik (1523). Aside from the handwritten leaves, the book of BSP ?32 contains 34 printed leaves which originate from Theodor Ljubavic?s printing shop in Gorazde: 30 of them belong to the Trebnik, and 4 to the Sluzabnik or Leitourgikon (1519). The handwritten and printed leaves have been skillfully arranged providing for the continuity of the text. The contents and the way in which the book of BPS ?32 was made open up new perspectives in the codicological-archeographical and cultural-historical researches on the printed book and its influence in Serbian written culture in the Ottoman Empire, wherein the handwritten book dominated. The short-lived old Serbian printing shops had a certain influence in shaping the later handwritten heritage of the Serbian and South Slavonic books of the 16 th and 17 th centuries. This influence is marked by the reversible process of the transmission of texts and learning from the printed book circulated in a great number of copies to the singular copy of manuscript. This process is most fully represented in the handwritten copy of the Gorazde Prayer Book of BSP ?32.

Uncommunicative Communication: Competing Egyptian, Ottoman and British Imperial Ventures in 19th-Century Egypt

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 399-422
Author(s):  
Maurus Reinkowski
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
British Occupation ◽  
The Way

The contribution “Uncommunicative Communication: Competing Egyptian, Ottoman and British Notions of Imperial Order in 19th-Century Egypt” by Maurus Reinkowski (University of Basel) sees Egypt in the late 19th and early 20th century as a particularly illustrative case of competing imperial ventures, in particular of the Egyptian, Ottoman and British states. Whereas the Egyptian imperial venture, prominent under Muḥammad ʿAlī in the 1820s and 1830s and revived under Ismāʿīl (r. 1863–1879) in the early 1870s, quickly degenerates into bankruptcy and finally British occupation from 1882 onwards, the Ottoman-British imperial competition continues until 1914. A particularly colorful example of how the Ottoman Empire and Great Britain – in the way of uncommunicative communication – strived to maintain respectively to enforce their notion of an appropriate imperial order is to compare of Aḥmed Muḫtār Paşa and Lord Cromer. Aḥmed Muḫtār, a high-ranking Ottoman officer, was sent in 1885 as Extraordinary Commissioner to Cairo, where he stayed until 1908. Muḫtār’s semi-exile in Cairo was characterized by factual powerlessness as he was completely overshadowed by Sir Evelyn Baring, the British consul general who was the factual ruler of Egypt between 1882 and 1907. Starting from the assumption that Aḥmed Muḫtār’s status in Egypt does not only reflect his personal isolation, but also the precarious imperial status of the Ottoman Empire, this paper examines Aḥmed Muḫtār’s presence and politics in Cairo as a case of both personal self-reassurance and imperial self-representation.


Bringing the Empire Back In: The Gradual Discovery of the Ottoman Empire in Turkish Foreign Policy

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 466-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lerna K. Yanık
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Turkish Foreign Policy ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
Political Spectrum ◽  
The Way

This article traces the emergence of references to the Ottoman Empire in the discourse and practice of Turkish foreign policy since the late 1940s. It argues that present-day emphasis on the Ottoman Empire and its legacy in Turkey has not happened in a vacuum, but rather has been a gradual process that has taken place over decades, helping to justify Turkey’s foreign policy. The article also shows that politicians from different sections of the political spectrum were crucial in reclaiming the Ottoman past in foreign policy. The consequences of this reclamation have been twofold. First, foreign policy, both in terms of practice and discourse, has become yet another venue, among many, for the continuous framing and reframing of Turkey’s past, paving the way for further Ottomanisation of the Turkish identity. Second, this Ottomanisation, or reclaiming of aspects that characterised the Ottoman Empire, has helped Turkey’s political actors justify and legitimise Turkey’s policies not only externally but, at times, also internally – as was the case in the 1990s, when some of these political actors tried to deal with Kurdish separatism by using the legacy of the Ottoman Empire.


scholarly journals Democracy and Challenges of Participation and Exclusion in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ogoh Alubo
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Affirmative Action ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Vice President ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Universal Suffrage ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
Gender Inclusion ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Way

Democracy is cherished because of the opportunities it offers people to contribute to issues affecting their lives. This reasoning accounts for the celebration when this form of government was restored in Nigeria in 1999 after protracted military dictatorships. In 2019 there were further jubilations over 20 unbroken years of democracy, the first since independence in 1960; issues of inclusion and exclusion were not mentioned. Yet, there are widespread exclusion of ethnic minorities and women through which their participation in running for office is circumscribed by circumstances of birth. Experiences in Plateau and Benue States are used as illustrations. It is here contended that until more deliberate efforts are made to include everyone, Nigeria’s brand of democracy will continue to exclude ethnic minorities and women. The dominant mantra of ‘majority carries the vote’ only aggravates the problem, a deliberate policy to resolve exclusion is necessary. Rwanda has led the way in gender inclusion, just as the USA had also shown that through policy reforms such as universal suffrage and affirmative action, African Americans and other minorities can become part of the mainstream, even producing a President and recently, 2021, the Vice President.

scholarly journals Wallachia and Moldavia as Seen by William Wilkinson, Late British Consul Resident at Bukorest (1820)

Linguaculture ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-77
Author(s):  
Sorina Georgescu
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Economic Opportunities ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Way

Abstract This article analyzes the way William Wilkinson, a Levant Company member, perceives two Romanian countries situated at the edge of the Ottoman Empire, one of the British Oriental Others, in his An Account of the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia with Various Political Observations Relating to Them, published in London in 1820 and written after several years of official residence mainly in Bucharest (1813-1816). Since the book has not been previously analyzed, except for the theme of religion by Professor James Brown, this article proposes to approach it from several different points of view: the author, the Company and the image of the Turks; economic opportunities, prohibition, organization; Romanian history; cities, monuments, travelling system, inhabitants. What this study wishes to demonstrate is that, through both criticism and appreciation, Wilkinson’s book is one of sympathy and mercy towards the Romanian people – a pledge for their freedom.

Identity and Writing: the Case of Eastern Sephardic Women

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-35
Author(s):  
Elisa Martín Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Gender Studies ◽  
Cultural Minority ◽  
Female Writers ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Traditional Roles ◽  
The Way

Access to written culture, which began to be widespread among Sephardic women in the former Ottoman Empire at the end of the nineteenth century, opens a new perspective in gender studies of the Jewish minority in Muslim societies. Writing constitutes one of the main vehicles through which individuals appropriate their own identity and culture. In this sense, female Eastern Sephardic writers represent a fascinating example of how a cultural minority elaborates its consciousness and the awareness of its past. This article deals with this specific issue: the way that both the first Sephardic female writers and those who followed were able to elaborate a new identity through the act of writing and the awareness of its multiple possibilities. The first Sephardic female writers (Reina Hakohén, Rosa Gabay and Laura Papo) show us their contradictions: the identification with the traditional roles of women, the continuous justifications of their work as writers, the redefinition of what means to be a female writer in the context of Eastern Sephardic societies.

The Frontiers of the Ottoman World

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Current State ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Way

This is the first major comparative study of the frontiers of the Ottoman Empire, one of the crucial forces that shaped the modern world. The chapters combine archaeological and historical approaches to the further understanding of how this major empire approached the challenge of controlling frontiers as diverse and far-flung as Central and Eastern Europe, Anatolia, Iraq, Arabia and the Sudan. Ranging across the 15th to early 20th centuries, chapters cover frontier fortifications, administration, society and economy and shed light on the Ottomans' interaction with their neighbours, both Muslim and Christian, through warfare, trade and diplomacy. As well as summing up the current state of knowledge, they also point the way to fresh avenues of research. The book gives a particular prominence to the nascent discipline of Ottoman archaeology.

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