A Domino Effect

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-87
Author(s):  
Ilana M. Horwitz

Education during the early years of life lays the groundwork for educational trajectories over the course of life. A college degree has a profound effect on Americans over the life course, including how much they earn and how long they live. This chapter argues that religious restraint has a domino effect. Teenagers raised with religious restraint earn better grades in high school, and their higher grade point averages help them go on to complete more years of college than nonabiders. Abiders from working-class and middle-class families see the biggest educational attainment bump. However, abiders from poor families and from the professional class do not see a strong educational attainment bump.

2021 ◽  
pp. 003804072110417
Author(s):  
Eric Grodsky ◽  
Catherine Doren ◽  
Koit Hung ◽  
Chandra Muller ◽  
John Robert Warren

We ask whether patterns of racial ethnic and socioeconomic stratification in educational attainment are amplified or attenuated when we take a longer view of educational careers. We propose a model of staged advantage to understand how educational inequalities evolve over the life course. Distinct from cumulative advantage, staged advantage asserts that inequalities in education ebb and flow over the life course as the population at risk of making each educational transition changes along with the constraints they confront in seeking more education. Results based on data from the 2014 follow up of the sophomore cohort of High School and Beyond offer partial support for our hypotheses. The educational attainment process was far from over for our respondents as they aged through their 30s and 40s: More than 6 of 10 continued their formal training during this period, and 4 of 10 earned an additional credential. Patterns of educational stratification at midlife became more pronounced in some ways as women pulled further ahead of men in their educational attainments and parental education (but not income), and high school academic achievement continued to shape educational trajectories at the bachelor’s degree level and beyond. However, African Americans gained on whites during this life phase through continued formal (largely academic) training and slightly greater conditional probabilities of graduate or professional degree attainment; social background fails to predict earning an associate’s degree. These results, showing educational changes and transitions far into adulthood, have implications for our understanding of the complex role of education in stratification processes.


2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Nicole Etherington

Research demonstrates that despite post-secondary expansion, there are still vast socioeconomic differences in educational attainment. Educational attainment can have a tremendous impact on the life course in terms of income, employment, and perhaps most significantly, health. Recognizing these issues, the Niagara region opened the DSBN Academy in September 2011. The DSBN Academy, the first school of its kind in Canada, offers social and academic programming designed to encourage its students to not only graduate from high school, but also, to become the first in their family to pursue post-secondary education. From a life course perspective, this paper assesses the relationship between education and health followed by an examination of the primary processes of cumulative advantage and disadvantage involved in producing variation in educational trajectories, which in turn impact health outcomes. I then evaluate the role of the DSBN Academy as a potential strategy to facilitate the completion of higher education by working-class students, and accordingly, to improve their health outcomes. Through analyzing the Academy, I argue that while the school has the potential to be a turning point in the lives of its students, it also risks committing a form of Bourdieu’s symbolic violence. That is, it enforces middle-class ideals of education and good health as both desirable and indicators of success. Consequently, this paper raises a fundamental question in the study of social inequality, namely, how sociologists can work toward ameliorating inequality without perpetuating the symbolic violence we continually fight against.Les recherches démontrent que, malgré le développement de l’enseignement postsecondaire, il existe encore de grandes différences socio-économiques en matière de niveau d’études. Le niveau d’études peut avoir un impact énorme dans un parcours de vie en termes de revenus, d’emploi, et peut-être plus important encore, de santé. Conscient de ces enjeux, la région du Niagara a ouvert la DSBN Academy en septembre 2011. La DSBN Academy , la première école du genre au Canada, offre des programmes sociaux et des programmes d’études conçus pour encourager ses élèves à non seulement obtenir leur diplôme d'études secondaires, mais également à devenir les premiers de leur famille à poursuivre des études postsecondaires. Dans la perspective d’une trajectoire de vie, cette étude évalue la relation entre l'éducation et la santé suivie d'un examen des principaux processus des avantages et désavantages cumulatifs liés qui jouent un rôle dans la variation du parcours scolaire, ce qui à son tour a des impacts sur l’état de santé. J'ai ensuite évalué le rôle de la DSBN Academy; le fait de l’intégrer peut-être une stratégie possible pour faciliter l'achèvement de l'enseignement supérieur par les étudiants de la classe ouvrière et, par conséquent, améliorer leur état de santé. Mon analyse de l'Académie me permet de soutenir que, même si l'école peut représenter un tournant dans la vie de ses élèves, elle risque aussi de commettre une forme de violence symbolique telle que celle définie par Bourdieu. Autrement dit, cela favorise les idéaux de la classe moyenne en matière d’éducation et de bonne santé comme étant à la fois souhaitable et indicateurs de succès. Par conséquent, ce document soulève une question fondamentale dans l'étude des inégalités sociales, à savoir, comment les sociologues peuvent chercher à estomper l'inégalité sans perpétuer la violence symbolique contre laquelle nous continuons de nous battre. 


Author(s):  
Alison K. Cohen ◽  
Sarah Ryan ◽  
Louisa H. Smith ◽  
Robert K. Ream ◽  
M. Maria Glymour ◽  
...  

AbstractThe vast majority of studies investigating participation in, persistence through, and consequences of postsecondary education focus on educational attainment status among the so-called traditional population of collegegoers between the ages of 18 and 24. This narrow focus leaves largely invisible the role that an expanding set of educational trajectories throughout adulthood plays in shaping social stratification. Using 35-plus and 20 years of follow-up data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY)’s 1979 and 1997 cohorts, we find that a substantial share within each cohort is attaining education well into adulthood, and that these trajectories are patterned according to key social and demographic characteristics. In both cohorts, racial/ethnic differences in educational attainment grew over time and, for those attaining the same degree, members of historically disadvantaged groups did so at an older age. Cohort differences in trajectories emerged, however, when considering the intersection of race/ethnicity and socialized gender. Through careful descriptive analysis of two generational cohorts, our study makes clear the role of educational trajectories in the process of cumulative (dis)advantage across the life course, as well as across generations.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Maslowsky ◽  
C. Emily Hendrick ◽  
Haley Stritzel

Abstract Background Early childbearing is associated with adverse health and well-being throughout the life course for women in the United States. As education continues to be a modifiable social determinant of health after a young woman gives birth, the association of increased educational attainment with long-term health for women who begin childbearing as teenagers is worthy of investigation. Methods Data are from 301 mothers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 who gave birth prior to age 19. We estimated path models to assess women’s incomes, partner characteristics, and health behaviors at age 40 as mediators of the relationship between their educational attainment and self-rated general health at age 50. Results After accounting for observed background factors that select women into early childbearing and lower educational attainment, higher levels of education (high school diploma and GED attainment vs. no degree) were indirectly associated with higher self-rated health at age 50 via higher participant income at age 40. Conclusions As education is a social determinant of health that is amenable to intervention after a teen gives birth, our results are supportive of higher educational attainment as a potential pathway to improving long-term health outcomes of women who begin childbearing early.


1979 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. Query

To test the hypothesis that ministers' family milieu fosters mixed masculine-feminine traits, a 10-yr. follow-up study was conducted where seminarians were retested with the California Psychological Inventory. Among the seminarians, 28 were ordained and 6 were not. Support was obtained for the hypothesis. Grade point averages were significantly higher among the ordained. This study is restricted to Catholic seminarians; making a good impression became important after ordination, not before; three scales which were significant among Protestant seminarians in previous research were not found in this study, suggesting dissimilarity among denominations.


1973 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl L. Reed ◽  
John F. Feldhusen ◽  
Adrian P. Van Mondfrans

This study investigated the usefulness of a number of noncognitive variables in improving the prediction of students' first semester, second semester, and first-year grade point averages. Freshman nursing students entering five associate degree nursing schools between 1964 and 1967 ( N = 495) were used as the validation sample. The cross-validation sample included the 1968 ( N = 170) entrants. When added to a battery of established cognitive predictors, several noncognitive variables added a unique and significant increment to the prediction of grade point averages in associate degree nursing programs. These variables were: age in months of the student, year of entry into nursing school, level of previous education of the student, and the particular school attended. These results encourage future studies in search of new noncognitive variables to improve prediction. Measures of a student's past health and practical experience might be worthy of future study.


1995 ◽  
Vol 77 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1315-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron W. Hughey

Graduate Record Examination scores and undergraduate grade point averages (GPAs) were examined for 218 students admitted to a master's degree program in college student affairs from August 1985 through May 1995. Analysis of variance yielded no statistically significant differences between men and women on Graduate Record Examination scores, although a significant difference was observed when undergraduate GPAs were examined. There was also a statistically significant difference between African-American and Caucasian students for both Graduate Record Examination scores and undergraduate GPAs. Pearson product-moment correlations between scores on the Graduate Record Examination and undergraduate GPAs were consistently low. These findings support the notion that use of the Graduate Record Examination as an admissions criterion for college student affairs graduate programs warrants further scrutiny.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document