What’s Causing Secularization? Insecurity

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
Ronald F. Inglehart
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Religious Attendance ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Welfare Expenditures

Evolutionary modernization theory holds that both religiosity and pro-fertility norms are linked with existential insecurity, and a massive body of empirical evidence confirms this: secure people and secure countries show the lowest levels of religiosity. Existential security reflects not only a society’s per capita GDP but how evenly it is distributed, making income inequality a strong predictor of religiosity. Similarly, high levels of social welfare expenditures have a strong negative impact on religious attendance. Historic vulnerability to disease also has a persisting impact on religiosity: countries that were vulnerable to disease tend to be relatively poor and have low life expectancy and high infant mortality and high religiosity today. Overall, various indicators of existential security have a strong impact on religiosity, but this impact has a generational delay: the strongest predictor of religiosity around 2018 is the society’s level of infant mortality, not at the time of the survey but almost 40 years earlier, in 1980.

The Shift from Pro-Fertility Norms to Individual-Choice Norms

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Ronald F. Inglehart
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
Major Shift ◽  
The U.S

Secularization is accelerating. From 1981 to 2007, more than two-thirds of the publics for which we have data became more religious, but then a major shift occurred: from 2007 to 2020, more than four-fifths of these publics became less religious. Up to 2007 the U.S. showed little change, but since then it showed the largest shift of any country away from religion and now ranks among the world’s least religious publics. One generally overlooked reason for accelerating secularization is that, for centuries, most religions encouraged pro-fertility norms that limit women to producing as many children as possible and discourage any sexual behavior not linked with reproduction. These norms were needed when facing high infant mortality and low life expectancy but now are rapidly giving way to individual-choice norms supporting gender equality and tolerance of divorce, abortion, and LGBTQ people. Pro-fertility norms are so strongly linked with religion that abandoning them undermines religiosity.

scholarly journals Reviewing Local Revenue Capacity in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Metasari Kartika
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Trade Sector ◽  
Tax Capacity

Fiscal capacity through Local Own-Source Revenuedescribes the region's ability to explore existing sources of income in the region. Data from BPS (2019) on the level of regional independence shows 11 provinces in the low category, 15 provinces in the low category, and eight provinces in the moderate category. Until now, no province in Indonesia has been included in the high category of regional independence. The novelty of this study, trying to revisit the issue of Local Own-Source Revenue in Indonesia. The purpose of the study was to analyze the influence of per capita GDP variables, the value of the trade sector, and the value of the agricultural sector on Local Own-Source Revenuecapacity. Local Own-Source Revenue capacity is measured using the concept of tax capacity, namely Local Own-Source Revenuedivided by PDRB. The object of the study was 34 provinces in Indonesia during the period 2010-2019 (10 years). The research method uses an unbalanced regression panel with a fixed-effect model approach. The study results were that the per capita GDP had a positive and significant effect on Local Own-Source Revenue capacity. The trade sector had a positive and insignificant effect, and the agricultural sector had a significant negative impact on Local Own-Source Revenuecapacity. Therefore, the Provincial Government needs to continue to increase GDP per capita, issue regulations, and maintain regional conditions to support trade activities and approach the public to pay taxes, especially provincial taxes. The provincial government also needs to increase the downstream and industrialization of agricultural products to increase the capacity of Local Own-Source Revenue. Keywords: Local Own-Source Revenue; Tax Capacity  

On African Responsibility for Economic Problems

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
Richard E. Mshomba
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Poor Infrastructure

African countries, like many other developing countries, suffer the problems associated with poverty—malnutrition, poor health services, high infant mortality rates, low life expectancy, high illiteracy rates, poor infrastructure, and inadequate technology. These problems are especially severe in Sub-Saharan Africa.

The value of longevity

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-247
Author(s):  
Greg Bognar
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
Population Mortality ◽  
Harm Of Death

Longevity is valuable. Most of us would agree that it’s bad to die when you could go on living, and death’s badness has to do with the value your life would have if it continued. Most of us would also agree that it’s bad if life expectancy in a country is low, it’s bad if there is high infant mortality and it’s bad if there is a wide mortality gap between different groups in a population. But how can we make such judgments more precise? How should we evaluate the harm of mortality in a population? Although philosophers have written a lot about the harm of death for individuals, very little work has been done on the harm of mortality for populations. In this article, I take the first steps towards developing a theory of the harm of population mortality. Even these first steps, I argue, lead to surprising results.

In Search of Affirmed Aboriginality as Christian: “If you do not walk on the tracks of your grandparents, you will get lost . . .”

Exchange ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-43
Author(s):  
Janneke Hut
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Contextual Theology ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Colonial Legacy ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
Aboriginal Identity ◽  
Deaths In Custody

Abstract The marginalized position in which the Indigenous peoples of Australia find themselves today is undeniable. Within the tragedy of low life-expectancy, high rates of substance abuse, malnutrition, poor housing, high infant mortality, deaths in custody etc. lies a spiritual crisis. This crisis is aggravated by the circumstance that the loss of the land to the European invaders has caused a loss of Aboriginal identity. In their attempt to recover from this colonial legacy the Aborigines try to re-find their (religious) self-identity and to unite through Aboriginality. In this search for Aboriginal identity through spirituality and faith some Christian theologians explore the possibilities of an Aboriginal contextual theology as a response to this crisis.

scholarly journals The importance of the socioeconomic status of countries for mental disorders in old age: development of an epidemiological transition model

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJIT SHAH
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita

The prevalence of a disorder is a function of the incidence of the disorder and the duration of the illness (which may remit spontaneously, by treatment or death). The socioeconomic status of societies may influence the incidence and duration of mental illnesses in old age by influencing life expectancy and availability of appropriate healthcare services and treatments (Suh and Shah, 2001). The relationship between a proxy measure of the socioeconomic status (per capita gross national domestic product (GDP)) and (i) the life expectancy, (ii) child mortality rates and (iii) proxy measures of the quality and quantity of available healthcare services (the proportion of GDP spent on health, per capita expenditure on health and child mortality rates) was examined. The WHO website (www.who.int/countries/en/) provided data on these variables for 191 of the 192 countries for the year 2002. The inter-correlations between all the measured variables were examined using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Because of highly significant inter-correlations between all these variables, multiple linear regression analysis, with the Enter method, was undertaken with per capita GDP as the dependent variable, and all the variables that were significantly correlated with per capita GDP on univariate analysis as the independent variables.

scholarly journals Abortion and infant mortality change driven by socioeconomic conditions in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Wang ◽  
Linsheng Yang ◽  
Hairong Li ◽  
Hongyan Cai ◽  
Jixia Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Regional Product ◽  
The Impact

Increasing fertility and decreasing mortality are major response strategies in Russian demographic reform, which has led to significant decreases in both abortion rate (AR) and infant mortality. This study explores mechanisms influencing the socioeconomic conditions leading to abortion and infant mortality. Spatial panel economic analysis using data from the 83 regions of the country covering four time periods was applied. Every 1000 USD increase in per capita gross regional product (GRP) can lead to a decrease of the AR by 0.075, while one year life expectancy increase would lower it by 0.441. For infant mortality rate (IMR), GRP also shows a positive impact, particularly in recent years, while the population size of the region has a negative impact. Every 1000 USD increase in per capita GRP would result in a rate decrease of 0.064 in IMR, and every increase of 1000 added population would lead to an increased IMR by 2.05. The harvest effect between AR and infant mortality that was evident earlier, but not in the recent years, implies that the health care system in Russia is effective. A comprehensive improvement in wellbeing, income, etc. can contribute to mitigation of abortion and infant mortality. Theoretically, this study extends current research by comprehensively displaying the spatio-temporal patterns of abortion and infant mortality in Russia and qualifies the impact of regional socioeconomic disparities with regard to these two issues.

scholarly journals Some Sociodemographic Factors of the Intensity of Anti-Government Demonstrations: Youth Bulges, Urbanization, and Protests

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 98-128
Author(s):  
Andrey Korotayev ◽  
Patrick Sawyer ◽  
Maxim Gladyshev ◽  
Daniil Romanov ◽  
Alisa Shishkina
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Relevant Factor ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Cross National

Demographic changes associated with the transition from traditional to modern economies underlie many modern theories of protest formation. Both the level of urbanization and the “Youth Bulge” effect have proven to be particularly reliable indicators for predicting protest events. However, given that in the course of economic development these processes often occur simultaneously, it seems logical to put forward the hypothesis that the combined effect of urbanization growth and an increase in the number of young people will be a more relevant factor for predicting protests. Our study of cross-national time series from 1950 to 2016 shows that the combined effect of these two parameters is an extremely strong predictor of anti-government protests in a single country, even more so than traditional indicators such as democratization, per capita GDP, and the level of education.

scholarly journals РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ ФИЗИЧЕСКОГО ТИПА ПОЗДНЕСРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫХ КРЫМСКИХ ТАТАР КЕРЧЕНСКОГО ПОЛУОСТРОВА

2020 ◽  
pp. 269-281
Author(s):  
Светлана Борисовна Боруцкая ◽  
Васильев Сергей Владимирович
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Physical Appearance ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
The Face

В статье приводится комплексный палеоантропологический анализ населения, оставившего некрополь Биели (г. Керчь, Республика Крым). Большой интерес эта серия представляет в связи с изучением этногенеза крымских татар. В работе дается краниологическая характеристика позднесредневековых крымских татар. Приводятся реконструкции лица по черепу по методу М.М. Герасимова. Особое внимание уделено реконструированию физического облика данного населения. Выявлены высокая детская смертность и низкий показатель средней продолжительности жизни населения, что говорит о невысоком благополучии в изучаемой группе. The article provides a comprehensive paleoanthropological analysis of the population from the Bieli necropolis (Kerch, Republic of Crimea). This sample is of great interest in connection with the study of the Crimean Tatars ethnogenesis. The work features a craniological characteristic of the late medieval Crimean Tatars and reconstructions of the face based on the skull by the method of M.M. Gerasimov. Particular attention is paid to the reconstruction of the physical appearance of a given population. High infant mortality and a low indicator of the average life expectancy of the population were revealed, which reflects general low well-being in the studied group.

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