Medicine

Al-Rāzī ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 152-172
Author(s):  
Peter Adamson
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Doctor Who ◽  
Medical Epistemology ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Authorial Persona

This chapter provides a look at the philosophically interesting aspects of Razi’s abundantly extant works on medicine, which were heavily influenced by Galen but also independent-minded and informed by Razi’s own medical practice. After surveying the range of his medical works and their various purposes, the chapter examines specific topics including his anthropology and anatomical theory and his medical epistemology, under which heading it is asked how far medicine is based on empirical evidence as opposed to theories taken over from natural philosophy. Finally, the chapter examines Razi’s authorial persona in his medical output. This is itself based on Galen’s self-presentation as an unusually skilled doctor who could correct the judgments of both contemporaries and ancient authorities.

‘To unlock the secret places of Man’s Mind’.1 Thomas Willis (1621–1675)

2021 ◽  
pp. 096777202110007
Author(s):  
Penelope Hunting
Keyword(s):  
Medical Practice ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Circle Of Willis ◽  
High Street ◽  
The Brain

Thomas Willis was born four hundred years ago on 27 January 1621 in Wiltshire. He has been dubbed ‘the father of neurology’ and is remembered for the Circle of Willis at the base of the brain. Young Thomas was educated at Oxford as a schoolboy and undergraduate. From 1646 he practised medicine and studied chemistry; he joined the Oxford Experimental Philosophical Club, and was Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy from 1660. He established a prosperous medical practice at The Angel on Oxford High Street, and achieved international acclaim for Cerebri anatome (1664). Lured to London in 1667, Willis lived in style but attended the sick poor on Sundays and worshipped twice daily at St Martin-in-the-Fields.

scholarly journals Glorious Science or “Dead Dog”? Jean de Jandun and the Quarrel over Astrology in Fourteenth-Century Paris

Vivarium ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 51-101
Author(s):  
C. Philipp E. Nothaft
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
The Status

AbstractThis article edits and examines a little-known epistolary treatise datable to 1322, which survives in a fifteenth-century manuscript in the Herzog-August-Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel. The author of this work was engaged in a heated argument with the Parisian philosopher Jean de Jandun over the status and rationality of astrology. Jean’s pro-astrological stance is documented in a letter dated 28 October 1321, which survives for having been appended to the main treatise. In responding to Jean de Jandun’s letter, the author delivered a trenchant critique of astrology grounded almost entirely in philosophical, as opposed to theological, ideas, addressing issues such as empirical evidence, causality, and contingency. The author’s way of pointing out ruptures between astrology and Aristotelian natural philosophy marks him out as an intellectual precursor to the much better-known anti-astrological polemics written later in the same century by Parisian thinkers such as Nicole Oresme and Heinrich von Langenstein.

'All manner of ingenuity and industry'

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair Compston
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Early Modern England ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Muscular Movement ◽  
System P ◽  
New Ideas

This book celebrates the quatercentenary of the birth of Thomas Willis on 27 January 1621. As a physician in Oxford, Willis’s work in the 1650s provides an example of rural medical practice in early modern England. As a member of the Oxford Philosophical Club that met from the 1640s, he was central to the development of new ideas on anatomy and physiology. As Sedleian professor of natural philosophy in Oxford, the surviving records of his lectures from the 1660s provide an example of teaching in medicine at that time. And, after moving to London in 1667, Willis continued to interact with a community of scientists and physicians who transformed ideas on respiration, muscular movement, and the nervous system.

Lay Evaluation of Medicine and Medical Practice: Report of a Pilot Study

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Calnan
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Medical Practitioner ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Way

Sociologists appear to differ in the way they portray the public's ideas about modern medicine. Some argue that the public accepts that modern medicine is effective, and others say that as a whole the public is skeptical about its value. There is a dearth of empirical evidence about what the public thinks of modern medicine; this pilot study attempts to fill this gap. Tape-recorded interviews were carried out with small samples of women from Social Classes I and II and Classes IV and V to find out what they felt about the value of modern medicine and to identify the criteria that they used to assess a “good” and “bad” medical practitioner. The results showed that there is some degree of skepticism about the value of modern medicine, particularly amongst working-class people. However, the criteria for assessing the performance of a medical practitioner were only rarely seen to be tied up with the criteria used to assess the value of modern medicine.

Afflicted

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Piemonte
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medical Epistemology ◽  
Existential Suffering ◽  
Human Tendency

While many commentators have pointed to the lack of compassion and empathy in medicine, their critiques, for the most part, have not considered seriously the deeper philosophical, psychological, and ontological reasons why clinicians and medical students might choose to conceive of medicine as an endeavor concerned solely with the biological workings of the body. Thus, this book examines why it is that existential suffering tends to be overlooked in medical practice and education, as well as the ways in which contemporary medical epistemology and pedagogy not only perpetuate but are indeed shaped by the human tendency to flee from the reality of death and vulnerability. It also explores how students and doctors perceive medicine, including what it means to be a doctor and what responsibilities doctors have toward addressing existential suffering. Contending that the being of the physician is constituted by the other who calls out to her in his suffering, this book argues that the doctor is, in fact, called to attend to suffering that extends beyond the biological. It also discusses how future physicians might be “brought back to themselves” and oriented toward a deeper sense of care through a pedagogy that encourages intentional reflection and values the cultivation of the self, openness to vulnerability, and a fuller conception of what it means to be a healer.

scholarly journals Legal Protection for Doctor who Performs Medical Treatments that Lead Patient to Death

Rechtsidee ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Filosophia Putri Kemala Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
The State ◽  
Doctor Who ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
Article 50

This research was carried out due to frequent accusations that doctors performed malpractice. Accusations of errors in medical treatment are often found in the field. The objectives of this research are to: 1) examine and analyze forms of legal protection for doctors/ dentists in providing medical services who carry out independent practices as well as those working in hospitals, 2) review and analyze legal liabilities of doctors/ dentists in carrying out medical profession that leads patients to death. This research applies statute and conceptual approaches that is equipped with a case approach. The analysis results of the research indicated that the State provides legal protection for a doctor/ dentist through Article 27 paragraph (1) of Law No. 36 of 2009 concerning Health, Article 50 point (a) Law No. 29 of 2004 concerning Medical Practice, Article 24 paragraph (1) Government Regulation No.32 of 1996 concerning Health Workers, and Article 57 points (a) Law No. 36 of 2014 concerning Health Workers. Moreover, besides the above positive laws, legal protection for doctors/ dentists who work in hospitals also applies Article 46 of Law No. 44 2009 about hospitals and respondeat superior doctrine.

scholarly journals Civil Liability for Medical Malpractice. Damage Resulting from Doctor’s Negligence (Breach of Professional Duties)

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-45
Author(s):  
Kinga Bączyk-Rozwadowska
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Medical Malpractice ◽  
Civil Liability ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Health Care Institution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Doctor Who ◽  
Care Institution

Abstract Civil liability for medical malpractice may be attributed either to a doctor or a hospital when any of these persons’ acts or omissions cause injuries to a patient; it may be also the hospital’s liability for the damage caused by negligence of its staff (doctors and other personnel). The rules that govern this liability and the way of compensating the damage are different due to the grounds on which the doctor performs medical services and, in case of hospital’s liability, the relation between a doctor and a health care institution. A doctor who runs his private medical practice bears civil liability individually and is obliged to pay damages if any of his patient suffers injury in connection with the treatment. However, a doctor who acts as employee of a health care institution is protected by the provisions of the Labour Code and exempted from civil liability to a patient. On the other hand, a so-called independent contractor’s liability is joint and several with a hospital that has engaged him. However, case law seems to protect such doctors and treat them as hospital’s employees if certain premises are fulfilled (like de facto subordination of the doctor to the head of the ward).

Mrs Hitler and her doctor

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-414
Author(s):  
Sandy Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Breast Carcinoma ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Terminal Illness ◽  
Doctor Who ◽  
Professional Relationship ◽  
Adolf Hitler ◽  
Adequate Care ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Family

Objective: The doctor who attended the mother of Adolf Hitler in her terminal illness has been blamed as a cause of the Holocaust. The medical details recorded of this professional relationship are presented and discussed. Conclusions: Dr Bloch's medical care of Mrs Hitler was consistent with the prevailing medical practice of the management of fungating breast carcinoma. Indeed, the general practitioner's care and attention of the family appear to have been astute and supportive. There is nothing to suggest that Dr Bloch's medical care was other than competent. Doctors who have the (mis)fortune to professionally attend major figures of history may be unfairly viewed, despite their appropriate and adequate care.

Treating of bodies medical and political: Dr. Mandeville's materialism

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold J. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Empirical Observation ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Ways Of Life

Medicine was one of the chief empirical and philosophical sources for early modern political economy, helping to move analysis from moral to natural philosophy, and Mandeville was educated as a physician. He adopted a materialistic view of the body and passions that could be found at Leiden and a few other places at the time. When he emigrated to London, he also became embroiled in some of the heated political debates about the best kind of medical practice, joining the party that sought new medical methods from the empirical observation of experts like himself, who used their knowledge to intervene in the physical bodies of their patients rather than to persuade them to alter their ways of life. Skilful politicians were like skilful physicians, requiring them to understand the bodily passions. His politics therefore remained concerned with the nature of persons rather than societies.

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