Challenges and Changes

2020 ◽  
pp. 152-172
Author(s):  
David J. Gerber
Keyword(s):  
Competition Law ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Global System ◽  
Law System ◽  
Legal Professionals ◽  
System P

The chapter focuses on two profound and lasting changes in competition. One is the deepening and widening of globalization, which alters the dimensions of markets; the other is the digital economy, which creates new forms of competition. Together, they challenge both domestic regimes and the global system. The chapter describes how these two changes combine to challenge competition authorities, courts, and legal professionals. It notes how individual regimes are responding to these changes and identifies key factors that shape their responses. It then shows how these challenges are altering many aspects of the relationships among competition law regimes—that is, the global competition law system.

Temporal variability of disinfection by-products concentration in urban public water system

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-398
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Water System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
System P ◽  
Public Water System ◽  
Drinking Water Samples ◽  
By Products

The occurrence of trihalomethanes (THMs) was studied in the drinking water samples from urban water supply network of Karachi city that served more than 18 million people. Drinking water samples were collected from 58 locations in summer (May-August) and winter (November-February) seasons. The major constituent of THMs detected was chloroform in winter (92.34%) and summer (93.07%), while the other THMs determined at lower concentrations. Summer and winter concentrations of total THMs at places exceed the levels regulated by UEPA (80 μg l-1) and WHO (100 μg l-1). GIS linked temporal variability in two seasons showed significantly higher median concentration (2.5%-23.06%) of THMs compared to winter.

scholarly journals SYNCHRONIZATION AS A PROCESS OF SHARING AND TRANSFERRING INFORMATION

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1250261 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIK M. BOLLT
Keyword(s):  
Symbolic Dynamics ◽  
Slow Manifold ◽  
Transfer Entropy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chaotic Oscillators ◽  
Smale Horseshoe ◽  
Global System ◽  
Identity Function ◽  
Transfer Operators ◽  
First Time

Synchronization of chaotic oscillators has become well characterized by errors which shrink relative to a synchronization manifold. This manifold is the identity function in the case of identical systems, or some other slow manifold in the case of generalized synchronizaton in the case of nonidentical components. On the other hand, since many decades beginning with the Smale horseshoe, chaotic oscillators can be well understood in terms of symbolic dynamics as information producing processes. We study here the synchronization of a pair of chaotic oscillators as a process for sharing information bearing bits transferred between each other, by measuring the transfer entropy tracked as the global system transitions to the synchronization state. Further, we present for the first time the notion of transfer entropy in the measure theoretic setting of transfer operators.

THE INFLUENCE OF FAIR COMPETITION ON THE MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-54
Author(s):  
Camille Carbonnaux
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Management Perspective ◽  
The Common ◽  
European Competition Law

Since the 1990s, European judicial and normative institutions have paid particular attention to the competitive practices of public undertakings. Consequently, their regime is governed by a significant number of rules pursuing objectives appearing, a priori, contradictory. In fact, public undertakings may experience difficulties in their management. In this context, an approach of public competition law through the prism of fair competition can be very useful. Regarding the uniformity of its judgment, fair competition appears as an objective capable of coordinating rules and overcoming their contradictions. It thereby offers a global and coherent reading plan of all the legal translations of the European competitive order being of some practical importance. In illuminating the common features of the different legal aspects of competition, we can easily switch from one to the other. It therefore makes the European approach to competition more accessible and understandable. Furthermore, and most importantly, it leads to identifying legal opportunities and threats in a cross-disciplinary way. So, from a “Law & Management” perspective, it appears to be a precious tool for the management of public undertakings. Key words: European competition law, public undertakings, fair competition, “Management & law”.

The Race for Online Reputation: Implications for Platforms, Firms, and Consumers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingwen Yang ◽  
Zhiqiang (Eric) Zheng ◽  
Vijay Mookerjee
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Event ◽  
Marketing Mix ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Online Reputation ◽  
Better Than

Online reputation has become a key marketing-mix variable in the digital economy. Our study helps managers decide on the effort they should use to manage online reputation. We consider an online reputation race in which it is important not just to manage the absolute reputation, but also the relative rating. That is, to stay ahead, a firm should try to have ratings that are better than those of its competitors. Our findings are particularly significant for platform owners (such as Expedia or Yelp) to strategically grow their base of participating firms: growing the middle of the market (firms with average ratings) is the best option considering the goals of the platform and the other stakeholders, namely incumbents and consumers. For firms, we find that they should increase their effort when the mean market rating increases. Another key insight for firms is that, sometimes, adversity can come disguised as an opportunity. When an adverse event strikes the industry (such as a reduction in sales margin or an increase in the cost of effort), a firm’s profit can increase if it can manage this event better than its competitors.

The Challenge of Terror: A Traveling Essay

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lederach
Keyword(s):  
Current Situation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Global System ◽  
Basic Trust ◽  
Finger Nail ◽  
The Core ◽  
Other Hand

So here I am, a week late arriving home, stuck between Colombia, Guatemala and Harrisonburg when our world changed. The images flash even in my sleep. The heart of America ripped. Though natural, the cry for revenge and the call for the unleashing of the first war of this century, prolonged or not, seems more connected to social and psychological processes of finding a way to release deep emotional anguish, a sense of powerlessness, and our collective loss than it does as a plan of action seeking to redress the injustice, promote change and prevent it from ever happening again. I am stuck from airport to airport as I write this, the reality of a global system that has suspended even the most basic trust. My Duracell batteries and finger nail clippers were taken from me today and it gave me pause for thought. I had a lot of pauses in the last few days. Life has not been the same. I share these thoughts as an initial reaction recognizing that it is always easy to take pot-shots at our leaders from the sidelines, and to have the insights they are missing when we are not in the middle of very difficult decisions. On the other hand, having worked for nearly 20 years as a mediator and proponent of nonviolent change in situations around the globe where cycles of deep violence seem hell-bent on perpetuating themselves, and having interacted with people and movements who at the core of their identity find ways of justifying their part in the cycle, I feel responsible to try to bring ideas to the search for solutions. With this in mind I should like to pen several observations about what I have learned from my experiences and what they might suggest about the current situation. I believe this starts by naming several key challenges and then asking what is the nature of a creative response that takes these seriously in the pursuit of genuine, durable, and peaceful change.

scholarly journals On the issue of the modern system of tax law

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.F. Cel'niker ◽  
N.A. Fityunina ◽  
S.A. Zvyaginceva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Derived Category ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Law System ◽  
Separate Branch ◽  
Modern System ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The One ◽  
Functional Purpose

The article reveals the features of the tax law system, which is considered, on the one hand, as an Autonomous, separate branch of law in the system of branches of law of the Russian Federation, and on the other, as a derived category from the norms that determine financial law and, thus, are a sub-branch by their functional purpose. The criteria on the basis of which it seems appropriate to allocate institutions in the tax law system are highlighted. The General and special parts of tax law are characterized through the prism of their Conditioned norms.

scholarly journals Digital Economy, Big Data and Competition Law

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-89
Author(s):  
Roberto Augusto Castellanos Pfeiffer
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Sense Data ◽  
Abuse Of Dominant Position

Big data has a very important role in the digital economy, because firms have accurate tools to collect, store, analyse, treat, monetise and disseminate voluminous amounts of data. Companies have been improving their revenues with information about the behaviour, preferences, needs, expectations, desires and evaluations of their consumers. In this sense, data could be considered as a productive input. The article focuses on the current discussion regarding the possible use of competition law and policy to address privacy concerns related to big data companies. The most traditional and powerful tool to deal with privacy concerns is personal data protection law. Notwithstanding, the article examines whether competition law should play an important role in data-driven markets where privacy is a key factor. The article suggests a new approach to the following antitrust concepts in cases related to big data platforms: assessment of market power, merger notification thresholds, measurement of merger effects on consumer privacy, and investigation of abuse of dominant position. In this context, the article analyses decisions of competition agencies which reviewed mergers in big data-driven markets, such as Google/DoubleClick, Facebook/ WhatsApp and Microsoft/LinkedIn. It also reviews investigations of alleged abuse of dominant position associated with big data, in particular the proceeding opened by the Bundeskartellamt against Facebook, in which the German antitrust authority prohibited the data processing policy imposed by Facebook on its users. The article concludes that it is important to harmonise the enforcement of competition, consumer and data protection polices in order to choose the proper way to protect the users of dominant platforms, maximising the benefits of the data-driven economy.

scholarly journals Perilaku Dan Musuh Alami Kupu Endemik Sulawesi Papilio blumei: Acuan dalam Konservasi

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
SULFIANTO ALIAS ◽  
RC HIDAYAT SOESILOHADI
Keyword(s):  
Life Table ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
National Park ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Foraging Activity ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Mortality Factors ◽  
K Value

<p class="5abstrak"><em>Papilio</em><em> blumei</em> is an endemic butterfly of Sulawesi and especially in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park. This research was to observed of the behaviour and natural enemies of <em>P. blumei</em> in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park. The behaviour of the insect were mating, foraging, competiting, ovipositing and mud-puddling. Life table was used for analysis of mortality factors, therefore the number of mortality was analyzed by key-factors formulation. The result indicated that mating strategies is patrolling. Foraging activity of the sixth instar was the highest compared to the other instars and the lowest one activity of the prapupa stadium of <em>P. blumei</em>. Nectar host plants for the imago of butterfly were <em>Sarcosephalum latifolius</em> and <em>Eugenia sp</em>. There was <em>Scudderia sp</em>. as an interspesific competitor for larval <em>P. blumei</em>. The intraspesific competitor of the imago stage was male of <em>P. blumei</em>. Female <em>P. blumei</em> laid eggs on abaxial leaf <em>E.hupehensis</em> and the eggs hatched after six days. The larva of  <em>P. blumei</em> has a overheating behaviour and the adults has a mud puddling. The natural enemies of <em>P.blumei </em>is <em>Trichogramma</em> sp., with k value = 0.381, <em>Pteromalus </em>sp., with k value = 0.125 and <em>Formica </em>sp., with k value = 0.096.</p>

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